Page 48 - 《中国药科大学学报》2025年第4期

学报
444 Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 2025, 56(4): 444 − 452

mRNA 疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的应用

于 晶，杨振军 *

（北京大学药学院, 天然药物及仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191）

摘 要 癌症发病率与死亡率攀升，传统疗法局限性凸显，亟需更精准的免疫治疗方法。mRNA 疫苗因其在抗原设计、生产
和安全性上的优势，成为癌症免疫治疗领域的研究热点。本文综述了 mRNA 癌症疫苗的分子设计优化 (如核苷修饰、
UTR 和 ORF 优化以增效和稳定)、关键抗原类型 (包括病毒抗原、肿瘤相关抗原 TAA、肿瘤特异性抗原 TSA/新抗原及免疫调
节因子)、递送系统以及临床研究进展。该类疫苗通过在体内表达特定抗原，激活免疫系统以识别和清除癌细胞。目前已有
多种 mRNA 疫苗进入临床试验，常联用免疫检查点抑制剂等。尽管其有很好的应用前景，但仍面临 mRNA 不稳定性、靶向递
送困难、免疫耐受和肿瘤逃逸等挑战，未来需在抗原预测、靶向递送载体及联合用药上持续突破。
关键词 mRNA 疫苗；新肿瘤抗原；癌症免疫治疗；免疫检查点抑制剂；个体化治疗
中图分类号 R730.51 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1000−5048(2025)04−0444−09
doi：10.11665/j.issn.1000−5048.2025052802

引用本文 于晶，杨振军. mRNA 疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的应用 [J]. 中国药科大学学报，2025，56（4）：444 − 452.

Cite this article as: YU Jing, YANG Zhenjun. Application of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy[J]. J China Pharm Univ, 2025, 56(4):
444 − 452.

Application of mRNA vaccines in cancer immunotherapy
YU Jing, YANG Zhenjun *
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China

Abstract With the increasing incidence and mortality of cancer, the limitations of conventional therapies have
become increasingly apparent, necessitating the development of more precise immunotherapeutic approaches.
mRNA vaccines have emerged as a prominent research focus in cancer immunotherapy due to their advantages in
antigen design, rapid production, and enhanced safety profiles. This article reviews the advances in molecular
design optimization of mRNA cancer vaccines such nucleoside modification, 5’-/3’-untranslated region (UTR)
optimization and open reading frame (ORF) engineering to enhance efficacy and stability), key antigen types
(viral antigens, tumor-associated antigens, tumor-specific antigens, and immunomodulators), delivery systems,
and clinical research. By expressing specific antigens in vivo, these vaccines activate immune recognition and
elimination of cancer cells. Currently, multiple mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials, often in combination
with immune checkpoint inhibitors or other immunotherapies. Despite their promising potential, challenges such
as mRNA instability, difficulty in targeted delivery, immune tolerance, and tumor immune evasion still exist.
Future breakthroughs will require advances in neoantigen prediction, targeted delivery, and combination therapy.
Key words mRNA vaccine; novel tumour antigen; cancer immunotherapy; immune checkpoint inhibitor;
individualized therapy

This study was supported by Beijing Science and Technology Commission Beijing Science and Technology Plan
Project(Z231100004823026)

收稿日期 2025-05-28 * 通信作者 Tel：010-82802503 E-mail:：yangzj@bjmu.edu.cn
基金项目 北京市科学技术委员会北京科技计划项目 (Z231100004823026)