Page 60 - 《运动与健康科学》(英文)2024年第2期

TaggedAPTARAEnd182 S.A. Guevara et al.
TaggedAPTARAPMost injuries reported by short-course triathletes are TaggedAPTARAPThe most frequently reported illnesses in short-course
gradual onset overuse injuries. 51 Overuse injuries are reported triathlon affect the gastrointestinal system (7%70%), 9,29,47,50
to occur 3 times more frequently than traumatic injuries in followed by the cardiovascular (14%59%), 9,45,46 and respira-
long-course triathletes, and 80% of all injuries sustained in tory systems (5%60%). 9,10,47,50 The majority of reported
runners are overuse, with the potential for this value to be illnesses were reported to be caused by environmental
higher given the inaccuracies associated with retrospective factors 9,10,33,45,46,48,50,54,58,61 and infections 9,10,29,40,47,48,50
recall are more substantial for overuse injuries compared to during competition. These findings are also commonly
traumatic injuries. 72,75,8587 The absence of a consistent defi- reported in long-course triathlon studies, with gastrointestinal
nition for overuse injuries in the literature makes comparing illness reported to occur more frequently than injuries in some
data problematic. 43,70,85,88 Three studies provided injury instances. 1,90 Five prospective studies reviewed herein
mechanism information for traumatic injuries. 9,10,39 Injuries reported surveillance periods from 1 week to 15
resulting from contact with a stationary object were most months; 9,10,31,47,50 2 studies encompassed major competitions
frequently associated with traumatic injuries (33%44%), 9,10 and are thus limited by survival bias. 9,10 The quality of illness
followed by non-contact trauma (11%31%), 9,10 and trauma reporting is compromised by inconsistent illness definitions,
from contact with other athletes (4%11%). 9,10,39 It is impor- inaccurate medical diagnoses, and a wide range of values;
tant to understand whether early intervention or training modi- thus, it fails to demonstrate the true range of illnesses experi-
9,10
fications can reduce the severity of overuse injuries and enced by triathletes. In addition, under-reporting of mild
improve performance. Understanding the performance impact illnesses that do not result in time loss from training or compe-
of injuries where triathletes are able to continue to train or tition can cause the true incidence rate to be underestimated.
Acquiring a better understanding of illness severity in short-
modify training is required.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPOverall, it is challenging to compare injury etiologies course triathlon is required to optimize prevention and prog-
between studies due to a lack of consistent definitions for ress along the TRIPP framework.TaggedAPTARAEnd
injury, triathlon experience, training, and competition expo-
sure data, as well as a lack of validation of injury occur- TaggedAPTARAH24.4. Etiological factors contributing to illness in short-course
rence and self-reporting or data collection procedures. 66
triathletesTaggedAPTARAEnd
This review has identified a high association of overuse
injuries with running; however, the available literature TaggedAPTARAPThe etiology of illness in short-course triathlon is multifac-
lacks robust methodology and appropriate study designs to torial in most cases, with athletes reporting illness throughout
demonstrate adequate statistical power or sample sizes as the season experiencing hindered performance. 6,91 Thus,
Stage 2 of the TRIPP framework requires. 14,66 Therefore, illness prevention strategies should focus on addressing the
future research should implement best practice surveillance risk factors that may impact training and competition avail-
ability. 91 Environmental factors are the main contributors to
methods to better inform targeted prevention strategies.TaggedAPTARAEnd
illness symptoms in short-course
triathletes. 29,40,4548,50,54,58,61 The main reported environ-
TaggedAPTARAH24.3. Incidence and prevalence of illness in short-course
mental factors leading to illnesses in short-course triathlon
triathletesTaggedAPTARAEnd
swimming were: water that was either
TaggedAPTARAPIllness can significantly affect performance in triathletes. contaminated 29,40,47,48,50 or extremely cold 58 and environ-
Illness prevalence for short-course triathletes ranged between mental extremes, more specifically extreme heat. 45,46,54 Swim-
9,10,29,44,54
6% and 84%, and illness incidence rates ranged ming is the discipline where illness symptoms are most
44 29,40,47,48,50,58
between 1.8 and 13.1 per 1000 athlete days. While some frequently reported. Gastrointestinal illness and
studies have utilized prospective study designs, the majority cardiovascular symptoms are the most
were conducted over short surveillance periods during common. 29,40,4750,52,54,61 TaggedAPTARAEnd
competition. 9,10,31,4447,50,57 Methodologically robust studies TaggedAPTARAPExtreme environmental temperatures are a risk factor
reporting illness incidence rates in triathlon are scarce, with contributing to the development of illness symptoms in short-
most studies being retrospective (and so subject to recall bias) course triathletes. 45,46,54,58,61 Differences in intensity and
and using inconsistent illness definitions. Preferably, illness duration of competition affect the thermal strain athletes expe-
rates are reported as illness incidence rates, which are calcu- rience; 54 however, the extent to which thermal strain affects
1
lated as the number of illnesses per 1000 h of exposure. 80 short-course triathletes is relatively unknown. The risk for
Combining severity of illnesses with illness incidence hyperthermia and other heat-related illnesses in short-course
produces an illness burden metric. 80 Targeted prevention triathlon may be related to environmental temperatures,
programs warrant further investigation in order to identify humidity, solar load and air flow (wind speed), and previous
those illnesses that result in the greatest time loss, as opposed heat acclimatization. 46 Future research should focus on inves-
to those with the highest incidence. 89 Acquiring an under- tigating extreme environmental temperatures and the risk
standing of the burden of illness in short-course triathletes factors associated with illness in short-course triathletes with
throughout an entire season will allow targeted prevention larger athlete numbers.TaggedAPTARAEnd
programs to be implemented that will minimize the impact of TaggedAPTARAPIllnesses caused by infections are commonly reported in
short-course triathletes. Two prospective studies investigating
illness on athlete health and performance.TaggedAPTARAEnd