Page 54 - 《运动与健康科学》(英文)2024年第2期

TaggedAPTARAEnd176 S.A. Guevara et al.
unspecified (Table 3). 23,27,28,41 The 2 studies that reported both sexes, with a greater number of bone-related injuries reported
39
training and competition injury prevalence indicated that a in females (32%) compared to males (9%). TaggedAPTARAEnd
higher proportion of athletes were injured during training
(79%83%) than during competition. 21,39 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAH23.6. Incidence and prevalence of illness in short-course
triathletesTaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPOne study with a surveillance period of 2 weeks
TaggedAPTARAH23.5. Etiological factors contributing to injury in short-course
reported illness incidence rates ranging between 1.8 and
triathletesTaggedAPTARAEnd 44
13.1 illnesses/1000 athlete days. Illness prevalence was
TaggedAPTARAPMost of the reported injuries occurred during running reported by 5 studies, ranging between 6% and
(45%92%), cycling (8%34%), and swimming (3%15%) 84%, 9,10,29,44,54 with time periods varying from 1 race
29
40,54
(Table 3). 26,39,43,45,51,53 Swimming had the lowest number of (point prevalence) to1month. The most common
injuries of all 3 disciplines, but contributed to the highest illnesses reported were gastrointestinal
percentage of upper limb injuries, specifically shoulder inju- issues, 25,29,40,4750,52,54,61 followed by altered cardiac func-
ries, compared to running and cycling. 21,26,43 Acute injuries tion (arrhythmias), 20,24,30,33,45,46,54,58 and respiratory
were reported in only 22% of the studies (n = 5), 9,10,39,53,63 illnesses (Table 4). 9,10,29,31,33,47,49,50,54 Two studies evalu-
Over half of the included injury studies (n = 13; 57%) reported ated illness in elite para-triathletes, 31,44 with 1 specifically
31
overuse injuries, 9,10,21,22,27,28,34,43,51,53,55,59,60 and 4 reported investigating respiratory infections in this population. TaggedAPTARAEnd
the proportion of overuse injuries, 9,10,43,53 accounting for
11%75% of all injuries investigated (Table 3). Two studies TaggedAPTARAH23.7. Etiological factors contributing to illness in short-course
investigated overuse injuries specifically, reporting the knee to triathletesTaggedAPTARAEnd
be the most frequently injured site (25%), followed by the TaggedAPTARAPOne study investigated illness symptoms for each discipline
shoulder (14%), 43 and lower leg/calf (12%). 51 The most 49
over 3 triathlon events. Multiple physiological systems were
common types of injured structures were muscle, tendon, and reported to be affected by illness, mostly while running (with a
joint. 26,39,43,53 TaggedAPTARAEnd
total of 588 illness symptoms), followed by swimming (288
TaggedAPTARAPAge and sex seem to influence injury occurrence in 49
symptoms), and cycling (204 symptoms). Half of the included
triathletes. Two studies characterized injury prevalence illness studies (n = 12; 50%) reported on gastrointestinal illness
according to participant age. 43,45 One study found that 9,20,25,29,40,4750,52,54,61
symptoms in triathletes, with a third
young triathletes (1219 years) had an injury prevalence
(n = 8; 33%) reporting environmental factors as contributors to
almost two-fold greater than triathletes aged 3039 years 9,29,40,47,48,50,54,61
gastrointestinal symptoms (Table 4). Swim-
(relative risk = 1.89, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): ming in contaminated water was the most common cause of
1.322.72). 45 In contrast, another study found no signifi- 29,40,47,48,50
gastrointestinal symptoms. Four studies investigated
cant difference in injury incidence rates in triathletes over heat-related cardiovascular symptoms, 33,45,46,54 and1study
40 years of age compared to those younger than 40. 43
reported altered ventricular function in relation to cold water
Differences in injury site between males and females were 58
39,53 temperature while swimming in open water. Four illness
reportedin2studies. The Achilles tendon, knee, and
studies were case studies reporting cardiovascular symptoms in
lumbar spine were the most commonly injured body sites
standard and shorter distance triathletes that were associated
in male triathletes, compared to anterior thigh and knee in with abnormal ventricular function 24,30,32,58 and left ventricle
female triathletes. 53 Another study found that males 30,58
hypertrophy. Nine studies (38%) reported respiratory symp-
sustained more calf injuries and females sustained more toms in triathletes, 9,10,29,31,33,47,49,50,54 with infections being the
ankle and foot injuries. 39 This studyalsoreporteddiffer- 9,10,40,50
main illness type (Table 4). Theproposedetiological
ences in injury nature between males and females, with
factors contributing to illness in short-course triathletes are envi-
muscle (54%) being the most prevalent tissue type injured
ronmental factors, predominately related to water quality and
in male triathletes, followedbytendon(19%), ligament
(17%), and bone (9%). 39 In female triathletes, muscle, heat stress.TaggedAPTARAEnd
bone, and tendon (32% each) were equally the most
frequent tissue types injured. 39 While bone injuries were TaggedAPTARAH14. DiscussionTaggedAPTARAEnd
found to be as common as muscle and tendon injuries in TaggedAPTARAPThis systematic review characterizes the incidence, preva-
the female population in this study, 39 these results should lence, and etiology of injury and illness in short-course triath-
be interpreted with caution as only 25% of the population letes and identifies the most critical injuries and illnesses that
were female (n = 38), and they may have been overesti- prevention strategies should prioritize. The most commonly
mated. Therefore, the proposed etiological factors contrib- occurring health problems in short-course triathletes were
uting to injury in short-course triathletes are running lower limb overuse injuries mainly attributable to running,
volume, age, and sex. The majority of injuries are reported gastrointestinal illnesses and cardiovascular symptoms
as overuse injuries and are mainly attributed to running. Triath- primarily attributable to environmental factors (i.e., contami-
letes in the 1219 year age-group reported more injuries than nated water and thermal stress), and respiratory illnesses,
older triathletes, and the injury profiles were different between mostly caused by bacterial infection.TaggedAPTARAEnd