Page 33 - 《运动与健康科学》(英文)2024年第2期

TaggedAPTARAEndResistance training volume effects on menopause 155
body adiposity reduction (1.7%2.8%). 34,40 Interestingly, the RT volume may contribute to energy balance by exceeding the
average body adiposity gain during menopause is estimated to caloric deficit. Interestingly, most of the studies included in
be 0.8 kg and 0.8% in the short-term (1.3 years) and 2.6 kg our systematic review did not control physical activity and
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and 2.5% in the long-term (3.9 years). Moreover, long-term dietary intake, although they reported asking volunteers to
RT (6 years) prevented total body adiposity gain (1.5 kg) when maintain their usual physical activity and dietary intake. Thus,
compared to non-exercisers (controls) in overweight/obese future studies should explore these issues.TaggedAPTARAEnd
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postmenopausal females, indicating that RT may be sufficient to
offset some menopause-related alterations in body adiposity.
TaggedAPTARAH24.3. Metabolic and inflammatory profileTaggedAPTARAEnd
Therefore, RT alone may be important (like aerobic training or
combined training 24,34,40 ), particularly in postmenopausal and TaggedAPTARAPMetabolic and inflammatory impairments are hallmarks of
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older females, to prevent gains in body adiposity and combat obesity and the postmenopausal period in females. 3,4 Previous
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obesity associated risks. TaggedAPTARAEnd studies have associated metabolic and inflammatory impair-
TaggedAPTARAPInterestingly, epidemiological evidence has shown that a ments with increased risk for non-communicable diseases (e.g.,
reduction of »0.06 kg in visceral adipose tissue or 5 cm in type 2 diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, and cardiovascular
waist circumference is clinically important, as it is associated disease), 714 which are associated with »74% of all deaths
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with a reduction in metabolic risk factors for all-cause globally. Thus, combating the deleterious effects provoked by
8486
mortality. Moreover, the risk of death increased by 13% metabolic and inflammatory impairments is a crucial concern in
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in females for every 5-cm increase in waist circumference. terms of public health. In our study, we demonstrated that both
In the present study, both RT volume groups presented RT volume groups improved metabolic and inflammatory
slightly reduced abdominal adiposity (waist circumference, profiles when compared to CG. Interestingly, it has been shown
android, and trunk fat), with small effect sizes (Tables 3 that improvements of blood cholesterols (TC reduction of
and 4). Our data are in accordance with recent studies on RT »38 mg/dL and HDL-c increments of »13 mg/dL) reduces the
94
effects on abdominal adiposity reduction (small effect sizes: risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease by 33%. Further-
0.240.49). 28,34,83 Additionally, waist circumference more, previous data showed that glucose increments of
reduced by »2cm(smalleffect size)whenbothRT volume 18 mg/dL (for people with fasting glucose levels above 100 mg/dL)
groups were compared to CG (data not shown). Our results increased cancer and vascular death by 5% and 13%, respectively. 95
corroborate those of Loaiza-Betancur and colleagues, 55 who Additionally, median values of CRP greater than 1.2 mg/L were
demonstrated similar reductions in waist circumference shown to increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal and
(»2.9 cm) in postmenopausal and older females after RT. In older females by 42%, and every 1 mg/L reduction in CRP reduced
96
addition, similar reductions in waist circumference (»23cm) breast cancer mortality risk by 22%. Our data showed that both
were observed after moderate-to-vigorous aerobic training and RT volume groups improved blood cholesterols with small to
combined training (aerobic training plus RT). 40,86 Collectively, moderate effect sizes (LVRT reduced TC and LDL-c by
these studies suggest that LVRT and HVRT may have a similar »18 mg/dL and 26 mg/dL, respectively; HVRT increased HDL-c
clinical relevance to aerobic training in terms of its ability to by »5 mg/dL); reduced glucose by 13 mg/dL, with moderate to
combat obesity in postmenopausal and older females, although large effect sizes; and CRP by 1.1 mg/L, with small-to-large effect
with small effect sizes and low-quality evidence. Therefore, RT sizes (»0.6 mg/L in LVRT and »1.6 mg/dL in HVRT) when
should be more strongly encouraged by public health guidelines as compared to CG (data not shown). Again, our results corroborated
those of Loaiza-Betancur and colleagues, 55 who demonstrated
a go-to non-pharmacological intervention.TaggedAPTARAEnd
TaggedAPTARAPThe effects of physical activity (e.g., exercise and non-exercise similar improvements in metabolic risk and inflammation in post-
physical activity) on body adiposity reduction may be related menopausal and older females after RT. Although the collective
to a caloric deficit, at least in part, through the imbalance evidence is low quality, it suggests that RT (LVRT and HVRT)
between energy intake and energy expenditure. 28,34,81 Thus, may have clinical relevance for metabolic risk and inflammation
RT volume (exercise physical activity) is an important training among postmenopausal and older females.TaggedAPTARAEnd
variable, responsible for increased energy expenditure. 88,89 TaggedAPTARAPHowever, HVRT demonstrated higher effect sizes than
Indeed, some RCT studies suggest that a higher RT volume is LVRT for glucose and CRP when compared to CG (Tables 3
associated with greater improvements in body adiposity reduc- and 4). The higher effect sizes observed in HVRT for meta-
tion in postmenopausal and older females. 52,66 However, in the bolic risk and inflammation may be explained by the RT
present study, both RT groups (LVRT and HVRT) presented dosage prescription. The RT volume protocols (LVRT and
similarly reduced body adiposity when compared to CG. Inter- HVRT) were similar regarding intensity (moderate to high),
estingly, recent studies reported that RT training volume did repetitions per exercise (812), and weekly frequency (23
not predict body adiposity improvements following RT. 28,83 times) (Table 2 and Results section). In contrast, HVRT
Thus, it seems that energy expenditure increased by RT demonstrated a higher number of weekly sets (»32.5 sets, a
volume may not always directly affect body adiposity reduc- 73% increase) and intervention lengths (»4.3 weeks, a 42%
tion. Although this study was not designed to explore this increase) when compared to LVRT. Thus, it is reasonable to
complex question, a possible explanation for this phenomena accept that HVRT produced more energy expenditure (i.e., a
may be related to physical activity (reduced levels) and/or higher number of sets per week, increased length of interven-
dietary (increased levels) compensation 90,91 since the higher tion) when compared to LVRT in postmenopausal and older