Page 38 - 《运动与健康科学》(英文)2024年第2期

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 13 (2024) 160171

Review

TaggedAPTARAH1Exercise-induced adaptation of neurons in the vertebrate locomotor systemTaggedAPTARAEnd
c
a
d
TaggedAPTARAPYue Dai a,b, *, Yi Cheng , Renkai Ge , Ke Chen , Liming Yang TaggedAPTARAEnd a
a
TaggedAPTARAP Key Lab of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, College of Physical Education and Health Care,
East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
b
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering,
East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
c
School of Physical Education and Health Care, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
d
Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
TaggedAPTARAEnd Received 20 July 2023; revised 20 September 2023; accepted 7 October 2023
Available online 31 October 2023
2095-2546/Ó 2024 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
TaggedAPTARAPAbstract
Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various
external stimuli. In particular, how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research. Studies of the vertebrate
locomotor system’s adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise.
In this brief review, we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms: (a) alterations in neuronal
excitability during acute exercise; (b) alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise; (c) exercise-induced changes in neuronal
membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity; (d) exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity; and (e) exercise-induced alterations in
neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis. Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent
mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.
TaggedAPTARAPKeywords: Dendritic plasticity; Excitability; Exercise; Ion channel modulation; Neuron adaptationTaggedAPTARAEnd

Indeed, recent studies of mouse spinal cord and midbrain
TaggedAPTARAH11. IntroductionTaggedAPTARAEnd
neurons have found that chronic exercise induces morpholo-
TaggedAPTARAPThe vertebrate locomotor system is constantly evolving and 12,15,16
1
adapting to its surrounding environment. Neurons of the loco- gical plasticity and alters their ion channel activity. To
fully grasp these recent observations and the underlying mech-
motive network display remarkable plasticity in response to
anisms of motor plasticity they are pointing to, a succinct
increases or decreases in muscle use, upstream (brain and
summary of the previous research would be of great utility.
spinal cord) or downstream (musculoskeletal) injury/diseases, Here, we first summarize the effects of acute and chronic exer-
and aging. 24 This plasticity of neurons is heavily dependent
cise on the membrane properties of neurons in the locomotor
on the locomotor network from the midbrain to spinal cord.
system. We then discuss the ion channel mechanisms underlying
Locomotion in vertebrates is initiated in the mesencephalic
exercise-induced changes in neuronal excitability. We further
locomotor region, and the precise timing and pattern of loco-
discuss the dendritic plasticity of the neurons in the spinal cord
motor movements are controlled by central pattern generators and midbrain before finally reviewing the alterations in receptor
in the spinal cord. 57 Adaptation of neurons in the locomotor expression and protein synthesis associated with dendritic plas-
system can be classified into state-dependent (acute) 8,9 or
ticity. We hope this review may solidify our understanding of
activity-dependent (chronic) alterations of their membrane and provide guidance for past and future investigations into the
properties. 3,1012 Extensive evidence has shown that chronic
cellular and ionic mechanisms underlying the astounding adapt-
exercise leads to adaptive changes in the membrane properties
3,13,14 ability of the locomotor system (Fig. 1 and Tables 13).TaggedAPTARAEnd
and excitability of spinal motoneurons in rodents.
TaggedAPTARAPIn this review, the membrane properties used to describe the
neuronal excitability included rheobase (the minimum current
TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd Peer review under responsibility of Shanghai University of Sport.
TaggedAPTARAEnd* Corresponding author. required to evoke a spike), voltage threshold (Vth, the lowest
E-mail address: ydai@tyxx.ecnu.edu.cn (Y. Dai). membrane potential for spike generation), resting membrane
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2023.10.006
Cite this article: Dai Y, Cheng Y, Ge R, Chen K, Yang L. Exercise-induced adaptation of neurons in the vertebrate locomotor system. J Sport Health Sci
2024;13:16071.