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Xia et al. Satell Navig (2021) 2:8 Satellite Navigation
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-021-00035-1
https://satellite-navigation.springeropen.com/

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access

First results of BDS positioning for LBS

applications in the UK

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5
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Yan Xia 1,2,3 , Xiaolin Meng , Yusong Yang , Shuguo Pan 1,2* , Qing Zhao and Wang Gao 1,2

Abstract
The last satellite of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System with Global Coverage (BDS-3) constellation was successfully
launched on June 23rd, 2020, and the entire system began to provide Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)
services worldwide. We evaluated the performance of location services using BDS with a smartphone that can track
the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites in Nottingham, UK. The static and kinematic experiments
were conducted in an open meadow and a lakeside route covered by trees, respectively. Experimental results show
that BDS has good visibility, and its overall signal carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N ) is comparable to that of Global
0
Positioning System (GPS). The average C/N of BDS-3 satellites with elevation angles above 45° on B1 band is the
0
highest among all systems, reaching 40.0 dB·Hz. The noise level of the BDS pseudorange measurements is within 0.5
m, and it has a good consistency among satellites. In the static experiment, the standard deviations of BDS position-
ing in the east, north and up directions are 1.09, 1.16, and 3.02 m, respectively, and the R95 value of the horizontal
position is 2.88 m. In harsh environments, the number of BDS satellites tracked by the smartphone is susceptible to
environmental factors. The bias Root Mean Squares (RMS) in the three directions of the whole kinematic positioning
are 6.83, 6.68, 11.67 m, in which the positioning bias RMS values in a semi-open environment are only 2.81, 1.11, 3.29
m. Furthermore, the inclusion of BDS in multiple GNSS systems can signifcantly improve the positioning precision.
This study intends to provide a reference for the further improvements of BDS global PNT services, particularly for
Location-Based Services (LBS).
Keywords: BDS, Android smartphone, Observation quality, LBS, UK

Introduction of the most popular topics in the GNSS feld. Research-
Since Google announced in 2016 that it would make ers have studied the positioning performance of Single
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) raw obser- Point Positioning (SPP), Real-Time Kinematic (RTK),
vations available to the mobile devices with Android 7 and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) using GNSS obser-
and above, there has been an upsurge in studying GNSS vations collected by a variety of smartphones and devel-
positioning with a smartphone. Te latest GNSS market oped some new algorithms (Zhang et al. 2018, 2019a;
reports (GSA 2019) show that smartphones contributed Odolinski and Teunissen 2019; Banville et al. 2019).
1.5 billion units of the 1.8 billion GNSS receivers shipped Some derivative felds such as GNSS scenario recognition
worldwide in 2019, which indicates smartphones remain (Gao and Groves 2018; Xia et al. 2020) and mobile multi-
the most popular platform to support mobile Location- source fusion positioning (Niu et al. 2019; Zhu et al.
Based Services (LBS). Te research on the theory and 2019) have also made considerable progress during this
algorithm of the smartphone positioning has become one period. In 2018 Xiaomi released the world’s frst dual-
frequency, namely Global Positioning System (GPS) L1/
L5, Galileo navigation satellite system (Galileo) E1/E5a
*Correspondence: psg@seu.edu.cn and Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) L1/L5, GNSS
1 School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University,
Nanjing 210096, China smartphone called Xiaomi Mi 8, pushing the smartphone
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article positioning research to a new culmination. Te evolution

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