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Acknowledgements 2019.
The authors would like to acknowledge the use of data from the International Gill, M., Bisnath, S., Aggrey, J., & Seepersad, G. (2017). Precise Point positioning
GNSS Service (IGS), National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) and German (PPP) using low-cost and ultra-low-cost GNSS receivers. In Proceedings
Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ). of the 30th international technical meeting of the Satellite Division of the
Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2017), Portland, Oregon, September
Authors’ contribution 2017 (pp. 226–236). https:// doi. org/ 10. 33012/ 2017. 15123.
GS collected and analyzed the diferent datasets to understand the quality of Gim, J., & Kwon-dong, P. (2017). Comparison of positioning accuracy using
the raw measurements and the necessary conditioning required. She imple- the pseudorange from android GPS raw measurements. The Journal
mented the conditioning of the raw measurements and suitable customiza- of Advanced Navigation Technology, 21(5), 514–519. https:// doi. org/ 10.
tion of the processing software along with processing the measurements to 12673/ JANT. 2017. 21.5. 514.
generate the positioning result. SB was the supervisor who helped and guided Guo, L., Wang, F., Sang, J., Lin, X., Gong, X., & Zhang, W. (2020). Characteris-
GS throughout the research, providing research ideas based on SB’s previous tics analysis of raw multi-GNSS measurement from Xiaomi Mi 8 and
research, implementation and writing of this paper. Both authors read and positioning performance improvement with L5/E5 frequency in an urban
approved the fnal manuscript. environment. Remote Sensing, 12, 744.
Li, Z., Zhang, T., Qi, F., Tang, H., & Niu, X. (2019). Carrier phase prediction method
Funding for GNSS precise positioning in challenging environment. Advances in
Funding was provided by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Space Research, 63, 2164–2174.
of Canada (NSERC). Marçal, J, & Nunes, F. (2016). Robust vector tracking for GNSS carrier phase sig-
nals. In 2016 international conference on localization and GNSS (ICL-GNSS),
Availability of data and materials Barcelona, Spain, 2016 (pp. 1–6). https:// doi. org/ 10. 1109/ ICL- GNSS. 2016.
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from 75338 41.
the corresponding author on request. Paziewski, J., Sieradzki, R., & Baryla, R. (2019). Signal characterization and assess-
ment of code GNSS positioning with low-power consumption smart-
Competing Interests phones. GPS Solutions, 23, 98. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/ s10291- 019- 0892-5.
The authors declare that they have no competing interest. Sennott, J. W. (1999). Receiver architectures for improved carrier phase tracking
in attenuation, blockage, and interference. GPS Solutions, 3, 40–47.
Author’s information Sikirica, N., Malić, E., Rumora, I., & Filjar, R. (2017). Exploitation of google GNSS
GS is an M.Sc. student in the Department of Earth and Space Science and measurement API for risk assessment of GNSS applications. In 2017 25th
Engineering at York University, Toronto, Canada. Previously, she completed telecommunication forum (TELFOR), Belgrade, 2017 (pp. 1–3). https:// doi.
her B.Tech. in Computer Science from Manipal Institute of Technology, India. org/ 10. 1109/ TELFOR. 2017. 82493 43.
Her research focus is PPP augmentation of smartphone GNSS. SB is a Profes- van Diggelen, F., & Khider, M. (2018). GPS measurement tools. In Github.
sor in the Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering at York https:// github. com/ google/ gps- measu rement- tools/ tree/ master/ GNSSL
University, Toronto, Canada. He received a Ph.D. in Geodesy and Geomatics ogger. Accessed April 2019.
Engineering from the University of New Brunswick. For over twenty-fve years, Wanninger, L., & Heßelbarth, A. (2020). GNSS code and carrier phase observa-
he has been actively researching GNSS processing algorithms for positioning tions of a Huawei P30 smartphone: quality assessment and centimeter-
and navigation applications. accurate positioning. GPS Solutions, 24, 64. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1007/
s10291- 020- 00978-z.
Received: 12 October 2020 Accepted: 9 February 2021 Wu, Q., Sun, M., Zhou, C., & Zhang, P. (2019). Precise point positioning using
dual-frequency GNSS observations on smartphone. Sensors, 19, 2189.
https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ s1909 2189.

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