Page 234 - 《水产学报》2025年第8期

何妤如 水产学报, 2025, 49(8): 089319

administrative, technical, and partial financial sup- international Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance
port, their CMMs shall be aligned with broader (MCS) networks to enable shared management
[28]
FAO policies and institutional frameworks. In con- responsibilities . Unlike terrestrial regulation, the
trast, non-affiliated RFMOs maintain fully indepen- oversight functions of RFMOs encompass the
dent budgetary and decision-making systems, grant- entire fish product value chain, from high seas
ing them greater regulatory flexibility to develop operations to coastal and terrestrial markets.
measures tailored to regional specificities. A well- Based on geographical characteristics and the
defined hierarchical structure characterizes RFMO functional relationship to fishing activities, relev-
governance frameworks, where superior bodies ant States are assigned with legitimately scaled
exercise jurisdictional authority over subordinate authorities and roles —flag State, coastal State,
bodies. The Commission serves as the supreme gov- port State, and market State—with individual act-
erning body, supported by a permanent Secretariat ors often assuming multiple identities simultan-
and a set of functional organs, including Scientific eously. On land, regulatory leverage is exerted
Committee, Compliance Committee and Finance through consumer market-based trade controls; in
[27]
and Administration Committee . Additional sub- coastal and port areas, enforcement relies on port
committees and working groups may be established State measures and coastal State jurisdiction; while
according to membership dynamics and species- on the high seas, regulation is primarily entrusted to
specific management needs, exemplified by the flag States. Coastal States often attempt to “lock in”
WCPFC’s Northern Committee and the Interna- fisheries resources within their EEZs under exclus-
tional Dolphin Conservation Program (AIDCP) ive national jurisdiction. Pacific Island States exem-
linked to the IATTC. plify this approach, collectively raising access costs
Generally, the Scientific Committee operates for distant-water fishing States. However, the trans-
through three principal modalities, including the boundary nature of stocks necessitates the upward
participant scientist model, featuring regular con- delegation of resource management challenges to
vening of researchers from member parties (IOTC, the regional level. While flag States hold primary
ICCAT, CCSBT, NAFO, GFCM, CCAMLR); the responsibility for ensuring compliance by vessels
panel model, employing dedicated panels for stock flying their flag, the use of flag of convenience
assessment (CCSBT, CCAMLR, GFCM); and the (FOC) system promoted by States like Panama and
permanent/contractual model, utilizing in-house or Belize has eroded compliance by reducing regulat-
third-party scientific staff (WCPFC, NEAFC). The ory costs and shifting the burden of responsibility
GFCM, possessing jurisdictional authority over downward to the level of flag State sovereignty,
Mediterranean and Black Sea resources, uniquely causing regulatory and enforcement gaps. Recent
incorporates a Scientific Advisory Committee on RFMOs pressure has prompted FOC States to
Aquaculture alongside its fisheries mandate. These strengthen domestic oversight and impose stricter
governance scales demonstrate dynamic adaptabil- controls on vessels seeking de facto FOC
[29]
ity, continuously recalibrating in response to the privileges . Meanwhile, European and American
ecological heterogeneity of managed areas and tar- market States have extended their influence beyond
get species as needed to ensure effective, context- the national scale into global supply chains via mar-
sensitive governance. ket access standards (e.g., eco-labeling, legal catch

Strategic differentiation among fisheries act- certification). Instruments such as the 2008 EU’s
ors RFMOs expand their governance scale to Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing
address transboundary management needs, by integ- Regulation and the 1972 U.S. Marine Mammal Pro-
rating authority across jurisdictions to establishing tection Act require that all imported fish be trace-

https://www.china-fishery.cn 中国水产学会主办 sponsored by China Society of Fisheries
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