Page 38 - 《真空与低温》2025年第5期

第 31 卷 第 5 期 真空与低温
2025 年 9 月 Vacuum and Cryogenics 577

大 型 液 氢 球 罐 预 冷 过 程 影 响 因 素 分 析

金树峰，王静泊，张智贤
（兰州理工大学石油化工学院，兰州 730050）

摘要：针对球罐预冷过程中所面临的冷量消耗大、热应力风险高等问题，论文以 2 000 m 液氢球罐为研究对
3
象，建立三维数值模型，采用 CFD 方法对球罐预冷过程开展仿真研究，分析了预冷介质种类、喷淋环结构及出口
位置等因素的影响，对比了两种喷淋环结构的预冷效果。研究结果表明：相较于液氢预冷时罐内所形成的对称流
场，液氮预冷时形成的非对称流场能够加速壁面高温区域的冷却，抑制局部过热现象，壁面最大温差极值仅为液
氢预冷的 54.22%。喷淋环直径和喷嘴数量主要通过改变预冷介质分布和调节喷嘴间距来影响预冷过程，新型双
层喷淋环结构通过空间分层设计，增大喷嘴间距，减少低温 BOG 间的相互干扰，从而提高预冷均匀性，其壁面最
大温差相比单层喷淋环降低了 13%。
关键词：液氢球罐；预冷过程；相变；数值模拟；影响因素
中图分类号：TB658 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006−7086（2025）05−0577−10
DOI：10.12446/j.issn.1006-7086.2025.05.005

Analysis of the Influencing Factors on the Precooling Process of Large Liquid Hydrogen Spherical Tank

JIN Shufeng，WANG Jingbo，ZHANG Zhixian
（School of Petrochemical Engineering，Lanzhou University of Technology，Lanzhou 730050，China）

Abstract：Large liquid hydrogen spherical tanks need to be pre-cooled before they are put into service to avoid damage
to the tank structure due to excessive thermal stresses caused by the sudden drop in the internal temperature of the tank. Aim-
ing at the huge cold consumption and high risk of thermal stress in the pre-cooling process，this paper establishes a three-di-
mensional numerical model of a 2 000 m³ liquid hydrogen spherical tank as the object of study and adopts the CFD method to
simulate the pre-cooling process of the spherical tank. The influence of precooling medium type，spray ring structure and out-
let position on the precooling process of the spherical tank is analyzed. Based on the study of the spray structure，a new type
of double-layer spray ring structure is proposed，compared with the single-layer spray ring structure，and the difference in the
pre-cooling effect of the two spray ring structures is analyzed. The results show that compared with the symmetric flow field
formed in the liquid hydrogen pre-cooling，the asymmetric flow field formed in the liquid nitrogen pre-cooling can accelerate
the cooling of the high temperature region of the wall and inhibit the occurrence of localized overheating phenomenon，and
the extreme value of the maximum temperature difference of the wall surface in the liquid nitrogen pre-cooling is only
54.22% of that in the liquid hydrogen pre-cooling. The diameter of the shower ring and the number of nozzles mainly affect
the pre-cooling process by changing the distribution of pre-cooling medium and adjusting the nozzle spacing. The new double-
layer shower ring structure improves the pre-cooling uniformity by increasing the nozzle spacing through the spatial layering
design and reducing the mutual interference between the low-temperature BOGs. The maximum temperature difference at the
wall surface during pre-cooling of the new shower ring is reduced by 13% compared with that of the single-layer shower ring.
Key words：liquid hydrogen spherical tank；pre-cooling process；phase transition；numerical simulation；influencing factors

0 引言 运的关键设备之一，其预冷工作对液氢储存具有重

随着全球能源结构转型和氢能快速发展，液氢 要意义，通过预冷逐步降低球罐罐体温度，使之缓
作为清洁高效的能源载体，在航天、交通、工业等 慢冷却至使用温度，能够规避温度骤降导致的热应
多个领域得到广泛应用 [1-3] 。大型球罐作为液氢储 力过大、氢脆及泄漏等风险 [4-6] 。预冷过程中冷量

收稿日期：2025−01−03
作者简介：金树峰，博士，副教授。E-mail：jinshufeng100@163.com