Page 105 - 《真空与低温》2025年第4期

真空与低温 第 31 卷 第 4 期
520 Vacuum and Cryogenics 2025 年 7 月

离 子 电 推 进 发 展 历 史 回 顾 与 启 示 （ 下 ）

张天平，陈娟娟，张雪儿
（兰州空间技术物理研究所 真空技术与物理重点实验室，兰州 730000）

摘要：离子电推进是空间电推进中最具代表性的技术之一，追溯离子电推进从概念到工程应用的历史过程，
能够为洞见离子电推进技术的未来发展提供有力依据。从早期孕育、初期发展、中期发展、当代发展和创新发展
等五个方面，对世界各国离子电推进技术的发展历史进行了包括技术发展、产品研发、工程应用等内容的全面回
顾。在此基础上，将离子电推进从初始概念到工程应用经历的漫长过程分为五个方面系统总结了离子电推进发
展的成功经验和失败教训，从正确认识离子电推进等七个方面梳理了对离子电推进未来发展具有借鉴意义的启示。
关键词：离子电推进；离子推力器；发展历史；启示；产品研制；工程应用
中图分类号：TB71；V439 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006−7086（2025）04−0520−22
DOI：10.12446/j.issn.1006-7086.2025.04.014

Historical Review and Insights into the Development of Ion Electric Propulsion （III）

ZHANG Tianping，CHEN Juanjuan，ZHANG Xueer
（Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory，
Lanzhou Institute of Physics，Lanzhou 730030，China）

Abstract：As one of the most representative technologies in the aerospace，ion electric propulsion has been widely used
for the north-south station keeping and the orbit transfer missions. Compared to other propulsions，ion electric propulsion is
characteristics of a high specific impulse，small thrust，continuous thrust adjustment，and long lifetime; therefore，it could sig-
nificantly improve the effective payload and remarkably reduce the launch cost of the satellite. Because of this higher specif-
ic impulse，ion electric propulsion has become the most optimum propulsion system for the long distance deep space explo-
rations to keep north-south station of satellite and transfer its orbit.Actually， reviewing and concluding its theoretical re-
searches，product development and engineering applications could not only help researches to trace back to its histories from
original concept to engineering services，but also provide insight into and help to quickly develop of this ion electric propul-
sion technology. This paper comprehensively introduces the development of this technology by symmetrically reviewing its
histories and timely concluding the successful experience and failure lessons to provide valuable references for the future de-
velopment of the ion electric propulsion. Firstly，this paper introduces the development histories of the ion electric propulsion
all over the word from following five aspects，early concept，initial，middle，contemporary and innovational developments，
including its technology researches，product development，engineering applications. After that，the long developmental histo-
ries from the initial concept to the last engineering applications are divided into five parts for systematically summarize the
engineering successful experience and failure lessons. Lastly， the enlightenment of the future development of ion electric
propulsion is concluded from seven aspects，including correct understanding of ion-electric propulsion.
Key words：ion electric propulsion；ion thruster；development history；insight；product development；engineering appli-
cation

5 离子电推进创新发展 双向拓展受到不少约束或限制，例如小功率方向上

一方面，对传统离子电推进而言，性能范围的 推力器效率，特别是放电效率的严重降低 [28，349] ，高

收稿日期：2024−10−25
基金项目：国家自然科学基金（62371213）；甘肃省自然科学基金（22JR5RA784）
作者简介：张天平，研究员，博士生导师。E-mail：ztp510@aliyun.com