Page 69 - 《运动与健康科学》(英文)2024年第2期

TaggedAPTARAEndStretch training effects on flexibility 191
Table 1
TaggedAPTARACaptionStatistics of the subgroup analysis. TaggedAPTARAEnd
SubgroupTaggedAPTARAEnd Number of measuresTaggedAPTARAEnd Std diff in means (95%CI)TaggedAPTARAEnd pTaggedAPTARAEnd Q statisticsTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARATbody
Muscles testedTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Sit-and-reachTaggedAPTARAEnd 15TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.849 (1.187 to 0.511)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
ShoulderTaggedAPTARAEnd 6TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.739 (1.122 to 0.356)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
HamstringsTaggedAPTARAEnd 39TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.155 (1.379 to 0.931)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
QuadricepsTaggedAPTARAEnd 3TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.616 (1.280 to 0.049)TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.069TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Triceps suraeTaggedAPTARAEnd 14TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.696 (1.006 to 0.387)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Hip flexorsTaggedAPTARAEnd 10TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.134 (1.843 to 0.425)TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.002 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 87TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.925 (1.066 to 0.784)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 8.441; df =5; p = 0.134TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Intensity of stretchTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Low intensityTaggedAPTARAEnd 32TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.923 (1.122 to 0.724)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
High intensityTaggedAPTARAEnd 24TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.049 (1.400 to 0.698)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 56TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.954 (1.127 to 0.781)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 0.376; df =1; p = 0.540TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Trained stateTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Recreationally activeTaggedAPTARAEnd 26TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.253 (1.585 to 0.921)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Elite athleteTaggedAPTARAEnd 4TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.296 (2.413 to 0.179)TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.023 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
SedentaryTaggedAPTARAEnd 16TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.044 (1.482 to 0.606)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 46TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.183 (1.441 to 0.926)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 0.597; df =3; p = 0.742TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Stretching techniquesTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
StaticTaggedAPTARAEnd 66TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.005 (1.184 to 0.825)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Ballistic/dynamicTaggedAPTARAEnd 8TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.550 (0.852 to 0.248)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
PNFTaggedAPTARAEnd 11TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.283 (1.757 to 0.813)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
b
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 85TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.925 (1.095 to 0.778)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 8.900; df =2; p = 0.012 TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
SexTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
MaleTaggedAPTARAEnd 15TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.886 (1.225 to 0.546)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
FemaleTaggedAPTARAEnd 14TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.558 (2.088 to 1.028)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
b
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 29TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.081 (1.368 to 0.795)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 4.381; df =1; p = 0.036 TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Supervision of the stretching interventionTaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Fully supervisedTaggedAPTARAEnd 37TaggedAPTARAEnd 1.081 (1.329 to 0.833)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Periodically supervisedTaggedAPTARAEnd 12TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.750 (1.064 to 0.436)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Not supervisedTaggedAPTARAEnd 9TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.740 (1.139 to 0.340)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001 TaggedAPTARAEnd TaggedAPTARAEnd
OverallTaggedAPTARAEnd 58TaggedAPTARAEnd 0.913 (1.088 to 0.738)TaggedAPTARAEnd <0.001TaggedAPTARAEnd Q = 3.525; df =2; p = 0.172TaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEndTaggedAPTARAEnd
Note: Negative values of std diff in means indicates a favorable effect for stretching (and vice versa) on range of motion.TaggedAPTARAEnd
a
Significant difference within a group.
b
Significant difference between groups.
Abbreviations: 95%CI = 95% confidence interval; df = degree of freedom; PNF = proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation; Std diff = standardized difference.TaggedAPTARAEnd
performed as a component of a warm-up with the goal to maxi- resistive torque at the same angle following a 6-week
mize performance, it is preferred compared to other stretching stretching intervention with the ballistic technique. Surpri-
techniques. 3,6,18 TaggedAPTARAEnd singly, they did find a decrease in tendon stiffness. Since
TaggedAPTARAPA potential explanation for why ballistic and dynamic passive resistive torque was kept constant at the same angle, it
stretching do not show such a high magnitude of change is likely that the decrease in tendon stiffness was compensated
19
compared to PNF or static stretching might be found in the by an increase in muscle stiffness. Mahieu et al. speculated,
differences between the time under tension of the respective based on the assumption of McNair et al., 41 that as a result of
techniques. While during PNF or static stretching the joint is the cycling motion, polysaccharides and water were redistribu-
mainly in a stretched position throughout the whole stretching ted within the collagen framework of the tendon, which might
protocol, this is not the case during ballistic or dynamic have lead to a decrease in stiffness. With regard to PNF stretch
stretching due to the swinging or bouncing movements. Conse- training, a study reported no change in tendon stiffness, 20
quently, different effect mechanisms might explain different while another reported a decrease in tendon stiffness (with no
changes in ROM with the respective stretching techniques. change in muscle stiffness) following a 6-week intervention
The 2 most common mechanisms for ROM increases are a period. 42 A possible explanation for such a decrease in tendon
decrease in tissue stiffness and/or increased stretch stiffness might be the changes that occur in the wave-like
tolerance. 38,39 Considering ballistic stretch training for 6 course of collagen fibers in an unstressed tendon, which
weeks, no changes in soft tissue compliance (e.g., muscle stiff- become straightened when stretched. 43 Dozens of long-term
ness) or muscle morphology (e.g., fascicle lengths, angles) stretching studies were published recently that consider the
were reported. 6,10,39 Similar to another 4-week ballistic-stre- effect mechanisms of static stretching. It has been suggested
40
tching intervention study, an increase in pain or stretch toler- that especially high-volume stretching must be applied to
ance is likely the main mechanism for the increase in ROM. induce chronic changes in muscle-tendon unit properties (e.g.,
Moreover, Mahieu et al. 19 reported no changes in passive a decrease in muscle stiffness 13,28 ), which can explain the