Page 241 - 《水产学报》2025年第8期

何妤如 水产学报, 2025, 49(8): 089319

eer the fight against IUU fishing, and create a series departure. These geopolitical developments ulti-
of functionally differentiated spatial units. The mately led to the NEAFC’s more complex institu-
CCAMLR’s spatial governance framework com- tional landscape wherein multiple types of actors—
prises multiple nested geographical and manage- sovereign States and regional organizations —
ment scales. Its management areas include Small- coexist and participate concurrently.

Scale Research Units (SSRUs) for exploratory fish- Rescaling Dynamic resource allocation.
eries and Small-Scale Management Units (SSMUs) The Northeast Atlantic mackerel dispute exempli-
for Antarctic krill fishery. The Commission also fies the challenge of how climate change-induced
implements graduated quota allocation across pre- spatial redistribution of marine resources destabil-
cisely delineated zones. The primary Antarctic krill izes existing RFMO governance frameworks.
fishing grounds, located within FAO Area 48, are Beginning in 2000, rising sea temperatures and con-
divided into six subareas (48.1-48.6), each subject sequent increase in biomass have driven mackerel
[39]
to area-specific catch quotas . These subareas are stocks northward into Icelandic and Faroese EEZs,
further subdivided into fifteen SSMUs based on sci- altering the spatial scales of decision-making within
entific assessment and management needs. FAO the NEAFC. Iceland framed this ecological shift as
Areas 58 (eight subareas) and Area 88 (three sub- a “sovereign opportunity” rather than an environ-
areas) reflect a comparable approach to spatial sub- mental crisis, as the population of mackerels caught
division. Moreover, the CCAMLR has developed a by Icelandic fishermen increased almost 30-fold
[40]
comprehensive MPA planning framework, with between 2006 and 2010 . Arguing that the prevail-
nine planning domains derived from eleven desig- ing quota allocation was inequitable, Iceland joined
nated priority areas, specifically categorized into the NEAFC to gain institutional influence and
general protection zones, special research zones, clashed with traditional fishing powers such as the
and fisheries research zones. This refined zoning EU and Norway over quota reallocation. The dead-
enables the CCAMLR to simultaneously enforce lock in reaching a consensual agreement high-
strict catch limits, promote IUU fishing counter- lighted the fundamental tension between regional
measures, and maintain ecosystem resilience conservation obligations and the sovereign fishing
through scaled management interventions rights of coastal States.
Mosaic membership. Geopolitical transform- Balanced conservation equity. Recognizing
ations, particularly the post-Cold War realignment the imperative to counterbalance historical power
and European integration, have fundamentally re- asymmetries, several tuna RFMOs have institution-
shaped participation scales in the NEAFC. Origin- alized special provisions to mitigate disproportion-
ally established under the 1959 Convention with com- ate conservation burdens on developing States.
prehensive membership encompassing all European Exemptions have been introduced by the IATTC,
coastal States bordering the North Sea and North- ICCAT and WCPFC, with the IATTC granting
east Atlantic, the organization witnessed structural exemptions to small-scale and artisanal fisheries in
changes as key members like Denmark and Ireland developing States harvesting manta rays and north-
joined the European Community (later the European ern albacore tuna for domestic consumption; the
Union), consequently terminating their independent ICCAT permitting developing coastal members to
NEAFC membership. This integration dynamic cre- fish species such as hammerhead, silky sharks,
ated an institutional shift until Brexit prompted Atlantic blue marlin and white marlin for local con-
another scale reconfiguration, where the United sumption; and the WCPFC exempting less
Kingdom’s formally reapplied and has rejoined developed members from strict controls on vessel
NEAFC as an independent member after its EU numbers, catch volumes, and fishing effort related

中国水产学会主办 sponsored by China Society of Fisheries https://www.china-fishery.cn
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