Page 31 - 摩擦学学报2025年第9期

第 9 期 刘聪, 等: 镀铜钢纤维和合金化增强FeS/Cu-Bi自润滑材料的性能研究 1285

terms of their antifriction and antiadhesion properties. However, FeS is easy to agglomerate and has poor wettability
with copper alloys, the introduction of an FeS lubricating phase into the copper matrix destroys the continuity of the
metal matrix, and poor interface bonding occurs between FeS and the Cu matrix, which substantially reduces the
mechanical properties and reliability of the materials. Consequently, the tribological and mechanical properties of
FeS/Cu–Bi composites cannot be fully developed and utilized. To enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of
copper-based self-lubricating materials, this work adopted a strategy combining copper-plated steel fibers and shift-
speed ball milling alloying and successfully prepared FeS/Cu–Bi self-lubricating materials through powder metallurgy to
enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of copper-based self-lubricating materials. The microstructure of the
materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Tests on the crushing strength, impact toughness, and
tribological properties of the materials were conducted using a universal electronic testing machine, a 300 J pendulum
impact testing machine, and an M200 ring-block sliding tribometer, respectively. Results showed that the mechanical
properties of the materials first increased and then stabilized with an increase in the copper-plated steel fiber length.
When the length of the copper-plated steel fiber was 7 mm, the mechanical properties of the material reached stability.
Compared with the material without a copper-plated steel fiber, its crushing strength and impact toughness were
increased by 32.6% and 53%, respectively. As the length of the copper-plated steel fibers increased, the friction
coefficient and wear rate of the materials decreased and then rised. Short copper-plated steel fibers existed as hard
particles in the material, and the mechanical properties of the material were poor. Short copper-plated steel fibers
increased the friction resistance between the material and the counterpart, which was not conducive to the retention and
spreading of FeS and Bi on the friction surface and exacerbated the adhesion and plowing wear of the material. When
the length of copper-plated steel fibers was excessively long, that was, 11 mm, their extensive spreading in the copper
matrix increased the direct contact with the counterpart, reduced the materialʼs antifriction characteristic and wear
resistance, and led to increased plowing wear on the material surface. The comprehensive mechanical and tribological
properties of the copper-plated steel fiber material with a length of 7 mm were optimal, which could achieve a unity of
high strength and good self-lubricating properties, and improve the friction reduction and wear resistance of the material
by 17.6% and 55%, respectively. This research provided new ideas for improving the comprehensive mechanical and
tribological properties of solid self-lubricating materials.
Key words: copper-plated steel fibers; shift-speed ball milling; interface bonding; antifriction and wear resistance;
copper-based self-lubricating material

铜基自润滑复合材料具有较好的减摩耐磨性、抗 润滑材料在滑动轴承中的开发和应用，因此，有效增强
腐蚀性以及优异的导热性能，在滑动轴承材料中得到 材料中铜基体的连续性是提高FeS/Cu-Bi铜基自润滑
[13]
了广泛应用 [1-2] . 复合材料中润滑相的加入主要用于提 材料综合力学与摩擦学性能的关键 . 在这方面，钢与
高其摩擦学性能，但通常会牺牲材料力学性能 [3-4] ，降 铜相比，具有价格低廉、承载和抗冲击等力学性能更
[14]
[5]
低材料的使用可靠性 . 材料力学性能不佳主要是由 佳的特性 ，结合二者各自优势研制的铜/钢双金属复
于润滑相与金属基体的界面结合能力较差以及润滑 合材料已在航空航天和机械工程等各领域得到了广泛
相在基体中的均匀分布割裂了基体的连续性 [6-9] . 具体 应用 [15-16] . 但在目前的铜钢双金属材料中，钢材作为基
针对无铅FeS/Cu-Bi铜基自润滑材料而言，由于固体润 底，不直接参与材料的摩擦磨损行为，只为铜基减摩
滑相FeS为非金属化合物，与铜基体的湿润性较弱，易 层提供机械支撑 [17-18] ，因而使铜/钢双金属自润滑复合
形成较弱的结合界面，导致FeS/Cu -Bi自润滑材料的 材料中钢基材的优异性能无法得到充分开发和利用.
力学性能与摩擦学性能受限. 为此，迫切需要寻求1种 鉴于钢的良好力学性能，其直接参与到摩擦材料
新的制备工艺来改善和提高FeS和铜基体之间的界面 中必定会对复合材料的性能产生较大影响. 然而，在
结合，达到提升材料性能的功效. 目前的研究中将钢纤维引入到FeS/Cu-Bi铜基自润滑
研究已表明，采用表面改性来增强润滑相FeS与 材料的制备中还未见报道，高强度钢纤维对整体材料
铜合金基体的界面键合是提升材料性能的1种可行策 综合力学与摩擦学性能的影响研究还相对匮乏. 基于
略 [10-12] . 改性FeS制备的材料摩擦学性能得到了进一步 此，本文中首先对FeS颗粒和钢纤维进行化学镀铜处
的提升，但对材料强度的增强作用提升效果并不显著，材 理以提升其与铜合金基体间的界面结合 [19-20] ，然后制
料使用可靠性表现不佳，严重限制了FeS/Cu-Bi铜基自 备无铅FeS/Cu-Bi自润滑复合材料，研究镀铜钢纤维的