Page 116 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第01期

第 46 卷 张雪梅，等： 3种典型聚能装药对水中双层间隔靶的侵彻特性研究 第 1 期

off net targets.The damage performance of three shaped charge structures on the double-layer spaced target plate was
respectively obtained when the water medium in front of the target was at short range, medium range and long range.Based on
the projectile-target structure used in the experiment, a two-dimensional finite element model of shaped charge penetrating a
double-layer spaced target in water was established using ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. The measured velocity
values of the shaped charge penetrator before entering the water, before hitting the target, and after passing through the target
were compared with the numerical simulation results to verify the accuracy of the model. The error rate is about 3%. Based on
the verified finite element model, the time series characteristics of the underwater damage element of the shaped charge, the
peak characteristics of the forward shock wave in the water, the variation law of the penetration velocity in the water, and the
penetration performance of the shaped charge against the double-layer spaced target in the water were studied. The results
show that the forward shock wave reaches the target plate before the penetrator. As the length of the water medium increases,
the peak pressure of the forward shock wave at the front target plate decreases linearly, and the peak pressure of the forward
shock wave at the rear target plate decreases nonlinearly. The velocities of EFP, JPC, and SCJ decrease nonlinearly with the
increase of water medium, and the velocity in front of the SCJ target is about twice that of JPC. When the length of the water
medium in front of the target is not more than 25 cm, the maximum perforation diameter formed by EFP on the front target
plate reaches 5 cm, which is 1.3 times the perforation diameter of JPC and 3 times the perforation diameter of SCJ. When the
length of the water medium in front of the target is not more than 100 cm, JPC and SCJ have better penetration effect on the
double-layer spacer target, and the penetration performance of JPC is better than that of SCJ.
Keywords: typical shaped charge; forward shock wave; explosively formed projectile; jetting projectile charge; shaped charge jet

水下兵器的不断升级，对反水雷装备的灵活机动、精准高效、定向毁伤等性能提出了更高的要求。
聚能装药战斗部凭借体积小、高效、定向以及多载荷联合毁伤等优点逐渐成为现代轻型灭雷手段之一 [1-3] 。
随着无人化装备的大量使用，弹目交汇条件已由传统的接触性爆炸性毁伤转变为多角度、多方位、大距离
等非接触性侵彻毁伤。特别是无人装备搭载智能型聚能装药战斗部，从空中打击水中双层金属结构目
标的毁伤问题尤其复杂，而如何选择适合水中大距离非接触性使用的侵彻聚能装药战斗部显得尤为重要。
影响聚能装药水下侵彻性能的主要因素包含药型罩结构、装药形式等 [4-7] ，而水介质对侵彻体能量
具有明显的衰减作用，其不仅影响侵彻体的速度、质量和形态，还影响了聚能装药水中毁伤效应。王雅
[9]
[8]
君等 、张雪梅等 和孙远翔等 发现爆炸成型弹丸入水后头部变形破碎，质量急剧下降，在水中长距离
[7]
运动会导致其变为薄壁中空桶形，不利于侵彻靶板。王海福等 [10] 和蒋文灿等 [11] 发现杆式侵彻体在水中
能形成较理想的空腔，相对减小侵彻体前进的阻力，帮助后续侵彻体低阻随进。张向荣等 [12] 和陈冬梅等 [13]
发现水介质的阻力使得射流入水后出现侵蚀效果，导致侵彻速度降低，影响其水下侵彻性能。周迪锋等 [14]
和李明星等 [15] 发现射流在水中的破甲效果对炸高（包含空气长度和靶前的水介质长度）较敏感，提出通
过控制水介质长度可以相对增强聚能装药的水下毁伤效果。由于聚能装药在水中运动时会产生高速聚
能侵彻体和前向冲击波等 2 种毁伤元，2 种毁伤元形成时间较接近，存在先后作用于靶板的时序问题，并
且 2 种毁伤元存在耦合效应，对靶板的破坏也比单一毁伤元严重。王长利等 [16] 发现聚能侵彻体和冲击
波的共同作用会导致含水复合结构后板的穿孔和塑性变形。侯海量等 [17] 研究发现联合作用的毁伤效果
大于两者单独作用的毁伤效果。而聚能装药侵彻体在水中运动时前端会产生前向冲击波，其对靶板侵
彻效应相比空气中更明显，因此在研究聚能装药水下侵彻时，不能忽视前向冲击波的影响因素。综上可
知，目前对于聚能装药侵彻水中单层靶的特性研究较多，对于聚能装药侵彻水中双层间隔靶性能及侵彻
机理有待进一步开展研究。
本文针对爆炸成型弹丸（explosively formed projectile，EFP）、杆式射流（jetting projectile charge，JPC）
和聚能射流（shaped charge jet，SCJ）3 种典型聚能装药结构，开展空气中和水中侵彻实验，分别测得 3 种
聚能装药侵彻体入水前、着靶前、穿靶后的速度及其对水中双层间隔靶的侵彻效果；分析水介质长度对
聚能装药水中毁伤元时序特性、水中前向冲击波压力峰值、水中侵彻速度及水中双层间隔靶侵彻性能的

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