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Spatial-temporal distribution of Pennahia anea and its environmental drivers
revealed in the northern coastal waters of the Beibu Gulf, China

1
1
1,2
ZHOU Zhuli ，GENG Shichang ，CHEN Jiayi ，XUE Fei 1*
(1. Fisheries Management and Law Enforcement Service Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 200040, China;
2. College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China)
Abstract: [Objective] This study aims to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution patterns of Pen-
nahia anea in the northern coastal waters of the Beibu Gulf, and to clarify the key environmental drivers under-
lying its resource variability, thereby supporting resource assessment and fisheries management of economic-
ally important coastal fishes. [Methods] Based on data from two bottom trawl fishery surveys conducted in Oc-
tober 2023 (autumn) and March 2024 (spring), the study calculated mean individual body mass, weight density,
and individual density of P. anea, and described spatial-temporal distribution. Structural equation modeling
(SEM) was then applied to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of multiple environmental factors on these re-
source indicators. [Results] The mean individual body mass of P. anea was higher in spring than that in au-
tumn, whereas both weight density and individual density were higher in autumn. The autumn SEM identified a
significant positive effect of ammonium on weight density and of inorganic nitrogen on individual density. In
contrast, no significant paths linking resource densities to environmental factors were detected in spring, sug-
gesting that reproduction-related ecological processes may exert a stronger influence on population distribution
during this period. [Conclusion] P. anea exhibits pronounced seasonal shifts in resource distribution in the
northern Beibu Gulf, with population dynamics shaped by the interplay between nutrient conditions and season-
specific ecological processes. These findings provide a scientific basis for targeted monitoring and adaptive
management of P. anea in this region.
Key words: Pennahia anea; structural equation modeling (SEM); Beibu Gulf; environmental factors; spatial-
temporal distribution