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702 渔 业 研 究 第 47 卷

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Recent advances in fish trypanosomiasis

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QIN Pan ，YUAN Jiahao ，XUE Qianxi ，LIAO Bichai ，ZHANG Xuxin ，CHEN Xinhua 1,2*
(1. College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China;
3. College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
4. Fishery Technology Promotion Station of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China)
Abstract: [Objective] Fish trypanosomiasis, caused by the blood parasite Trypanosoma spp., can infect both
freshwater and marine fish around the world. With some sudden outbursts of fish trypanosomiasis in aquacul-
ture recently, there are huge economic losses. This article aims to summarize all available information about fish
trypanosomiasis in order to provide suggestions for controlling and preventing it. [Analysis] This review high-
lights the recent progress on studying taxonomy, prevalence, pathogenesis, and control of trypanosome. Instead
of old characters for classification, molecular systematics and multi-locus gene analyses are favored. Studies in
epidemiology indicate that fish trypanosomiasis affect a diverse array of hosts, such as Cyprinidae, Percidae,
and Cichlidae, with varying levels of parasitemia leading to anemia, injuries to various organs due to the kinds
of parasite species. At the same time, specific symptoms include anemia and damage to several organs. Tryp-
anosomiasis may cause immunological disorders or inflammation if these processes happen with something mis-
regulated, while through expressing genes like TcaCRT calcium binding proteins (Calbindin), they avoid the use
of complement to attack and thus survive the attack of host’s immune systems and make a difficult survival situ-
ation for the host when co-infected with other parasites. In diagnostics, conventional methods such as blood
smears are being supplanted by more precise and sensitive molecular techniques, including polymerase chain re-
action (PCR), fluorescent quantitation PCR (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and mul-
tienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA)-colloidal gold rapid tests, which greatly improve detection cap-
abilities. Even now, no effective medication and prevention approaches have been found yet. Some antimicrobi-
al peptides can be used for controlling infection and creating new drugs for treating diseases because they are
found in the bodies of mammal to enhance cellular immunity with effects like regulating iron levels and killing
off parasites or bacteria (such as hepcidin). [Prospect] To study the mechanism of parasitic agents, investiga-
tion of the genome and transcriptome can reveal molecular details that uncover the machinery enabling their sur-
vival and pathogenicity. This helps identify suitable targets to eliminate pathogens without side effects and sup-
ports the development of medical and diagnostic tools for better disease control. For example, target genes can
be identified through knockout or knockdown using gene-editing methods such as CRISPR/Cas9, and then de-
veloped into low-toxic, effective drugs or vaccines.
Key words: fish trypanosomiasis; classification; pathogenesis; anemia; molecular diagnosis; prevention and
control strategy