Page 78 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第10期

第 46 卷 汪 泉，等： 真空爆炸焊接TC4/09MnNiDR钢复合板及其低温性能研究 第 10 期

during the explosive process. After welding, all specimens were subjected to a uniform stress-relief annealing treatment at
550 ℃ for 2 h under a vacuum atmosphere to eliminate residual stresses and improve the reliability of subsequent characteri-
zation. The interfacial microstructure and chemical characteristics were systematically analyzed using multiple characterization
techniques. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe interfacial morphology, including wave formation and
defect distribution. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was applied to examine elemental distribution across the bonding
interface. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to evaluate grain structure, grain boundary characteristics,
recrystallization fraction, and texture evolution near the interface. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was conducted to
quantitatively determine the chemical composition of the interfacial melting zone and vortex regions, with both mapping and
point analyses performed to identify the constituent phases. Mechanical properties at −70 ℃ were evaluated through tensile
tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests, all carried out in accordance with relevant national standards, with the
results reported as mean values ± standard deviations. Results show that the vacuum environment significantly improves
interfacial quality. With increasing vacuum degree, the interfacial wave becomes finer, more continuous, and more uniform,
while the thickness of the molten layer decreases, and the presence of defects and brittle intermetallic compounds is reduced.
EBSD analysis reveals grain refinement and an increased recrystallization fraction at the interface under vacuum conditions,
demonstrating that the interfacial microstructure can be effectively controlled by adjusting the ambient pressure. EPMA further
reveals that the vortex regions are mainly composed of Fe and Ti elements, while the weld seam region exhibits a stable
chemical composition with Ti-to-Fe atom number ratios close to 1∶1 or 2∶1, indicating that the dominant intermetallic
phases formed at the interface are TiFe and TiFe . Benefiting from the optimized interfacial structure, the clad plates exhibit
2
excellent mechanical properties at −70 ℃. The tensile strengths of the CP-20, CP-60 and CP-100 are 880, 911, and 867 MPa,
respectively. The impact absorbed energies are 17.5, 10.2, and 6.4 J, respectively. And the flexural strengths are 1 469, 1 350,
and 1 167 MPa, respectively. This study demonstrates that vacuum explosive welding is a reliable technique for producing
high-performance low-temperature metal composites, with 60 kPa identified as the optimal processing window.
Keywords: vacuum explosive welding; cryogenic application; microstructure; mechanical properties; titanium/steel clad plate

低温金属材料在船舶海运储罐、化工承压容器及航空航天等领域应用广泛 ，需要具备优异的低温
[1]
强度、韧性、耐腐蚀性、密封性等特点 。目前，服务于上述领域的一系列高性能合金（如殷瓦合金、
[2]
9Ni 钢等）虽性能良好，但存在成本高昂、工艺复杂等局限 。
[3]
[4]
为降低成本，以 Mn 代替 Ni 的低温高锰钢成为研究热点 。09MnNiDR 钢作为一种可在−100 ℃ 下
[5]
服役的低温压力容器用钢，凭借其碳含量低和韧性好，显示出巨大的应用潜力 。然而，在低温应用中，单
一材料往往难以同时满足所有苛刻的服役要求。因此，采用复合结构，通过异种材料组合实现性能互补，
成为一种有效的解决方案。例如：钛/钢复合板既能利用钛合金优异的低温韧性，又可依托钢结构的高强度
和低成本，在低温压力容器领域应用潜力巨大。然而，Ti 和 Fe 之间巨大的物理和化学性能差异，使得传统
熔焊难以实现可靠连接。因此，固态焊接技术被视为更有潜力的解决方案。但钎焊钛/铁接头通常表现出
低抗拉强度和较差的耐腐蚀性，而扩散焊接和轧制焊接需要高精度的几何形状和昂贵的设备 [6-7] 。摩擦焊
和搅拌摩擦焊缓解了一些与金属融合相关的问题，但金属化合物层和宽热影响区仍然不可避免 [8-9] 。De
Bribean Guerra 等 [10] 研究发现，传统电弧焊方法存在效率低、强度不足等缺点，难以实现大规模高质量制造。
爆炸焊接是一种高效的金属材料焊接方式，它结合了压力焊、熔化焊和扩散焊的特性，为不同基体
金属原子之间的结合提供了更多和更好的条件 [11-12] 。然而，传统爆炸焊接过程中在焊缝处易形成脆性金
属间化合物，空气中的氧在高温高压下与活性金属反应，形成氧化物并夹杂产生气孔，成为界面结合的
薄弱环节，最终导致结合强度降低 [13] 。真空爆炸焊接工艺可有效解决上述问题 [14-15] 。近年研究表明，真
空环境可有效抑制界面氧化与缺陷生成 [16] 。例如：Li 等 [17] 发现，与大气环境相比，真空环境可以显著降
低爆炸焊接中的振动、噪声和冲击波；汪泉等 [18] 研究发现，真空环境相比于常压环境提高了爆炸焊接中
的炸药能量利用率；李雪交等 [19] 在 Mg/Al 复合板研究中也证实，真空能有效防止活性金属氧化，显著提

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