Page 28 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第3期

第 46 卷 裴柯磊，等： 基于细观力学模型的单向纤维复合材料的力学行为 第 7 期

initiation and progression. Periodic boundary conditions were applied to the model to ensure kinematic consistency and
mechanical representativeness. A mesh-convergence study was subsequently carried out on the basis of the predicted elastic
moduli of CFRP in various material directions, leading to an optimized discretization strategy that balances accuracy and
computational cost. Comprehensive validation was performed by comparing the model-predicted stress-strain responses with
experimental data obtained from unidirectional CFRP (UD CFRP) under a range of loading conditions, including transverse
tension and compression, longitudinal tension and compression, and in-plane and out-of-plane shear. The damage-evolution
processes under these representative loading paths were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the relative errors in
peak stress and failure strain between simulations and experiments are less than 5%. Moreover, the crack-propagation paths
predicted by the model show strong agreement with observations from scanning electron microscopy, thereby confirming the
accuracy of the proposed microstructure-aware micromechanical modeling framework. Furthermore, the model successfully
captures the detailed damage evolution of UD CFRP under various loading scenarios. Under transverse tensile loading, damage
is initiated by interfacial debonding, followed by plastic deformation and eventual failure of the matrix near debonded regions.
In contrast, under transverse compression, interfacial debonding and matrix plastic deformation are observed to occur
simultaneously. Under longitudinal loading, the dominant damage mechanism is identified as fiber fracture, whereas the
damage patterns under in-plane and out-of-plane shear are found to be consistent with those under transverse compression and
transverse tension, respectively. These insights offer significant engineering value for the development of damage-tolerant
design criteria and structural-integrity evaluation frameworks for CFRP components and assemblies.
Keywords: unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer; micromechanical model; damage evolution; crack propagation

碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon fiber reinforced polymer，CFRP）因其耐腐蚀、耐高温、抗疲劳、可设计
性好等优点，被广泛用于航空航天、国防军事领域中关键部件的制造材料 [1-4] 。如欧洲空中客车公司的
[5]
A380 客机中先进复合材料占比超过 52% ，中国商飞公司正在研发的 C929 飞机预计复合材料占比也将
[6]
超 50% 。在工程应用场景下，CFRP 受到鸟撞、冰雹、弹丸等 [7-8] 意外载荷时通常会发生拉伸、压缩和剪
切变形，造成其力学性能下降，严重时则会发生断裂破坏导致结构件报废。因此，深入解析 CFRP 在拉
伸、压缩和剪切载荷下的损伤机制对于进一步实现结构件的性能优化，提升装备部件结构的安全性、可
靠性具有重要意义。
CFRP 实际上是由单向碳纤维增强复合材料（unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer，UD CFRP）
[9]
按照一定的堆叠角度铺层后热压固化得到的 ，因此确定 UD CFRP 在各个载荷下的力学性能和损伤机
制，有助于准确描述 CFRP 在复杂载荷下的力学行为和破坏模式。已经有不少学者通过试验测试和缺陷
检测技术对 UD CFRP 在不同载荷下的损伤机制开展了研究。Liu 等 [10] 通过扫描电子显微镜（scanning
electron microscope，SEM）对横向拉伸后 UD CFRP 的断口进行形貌表征，发现基体上存在大约 10～30 μm
的微裂纹，而纤维基本完好无损，说明 UD CFRP 在横向拉伸载荷作用下的破坏主要取决于基体的破坏；
Swolfs 等 [11] 利用同步辐射计算机断层扫描技术发现 UD CFRP 在纵向拉伸下存在纤维断裂、基体开裂和
分层多种损伤机制；Jumahat 等 [12] 研究了 UD CFRP 在纵向压缩下的失效机制，发现压缩失效始于纤维微
屈曲，随着压缩位移的增加，UD CFRP 内部逐渐形成倾斜角约 18°和带宽 60～100 μm 的扭结带，纤维在
扭结带内旋转大约 35°后断裂，导致材料整体失效；Lu 等 [13] 研究发现高模量的树脂基体能够延缓纵向压
缩过程中扭结带的出现，进而防止纤维过早的屈曲，提高压缩强度 [14] ；Yuan 等 [15] 通过调节界面强度研究
了 CFRP 在纵向压缩下分层损伤与扭结破坏之间的竞争机制，结果表明，界面强度的增加对分层损伤具
有显著抑制效果；宋健等 [16] 和 Sethi 等 [17] 利用 SEM 分别分析了 20 ℃ 至 300 ℃ 和 20 ℃ 至−100 ℃ 下 CFRP
面内剪切破坏模式，发现基体开裂和层间分层是主要损伤机制，并且 CFRP 的损伤模式经历了从高温到
低温的延性到脆性的转变。此外，由于试验测试的成本高昂，成本较低的有限元仿真常用来捕捉 UD
CFRP 在复杂载荷下的损伤机制 [18] ，其中代表性体积单元（representative volume element，RVE）模型能够准
确描述材料微观损伤而被广泛用于 UD CFRP 损伤机制的研究 [19-21] 。Sharma 等 [22] 建立了一个考虑纤维

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