Page 132 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第3期

第 46 卷 李昊洋，等： 风致飞射物冲击下钢化玻璃破坏的边界条件效应及碎片分布量化模型 第 7 期

data at the impact point and impact velocity. After each impact experiment, glass fragments were fully recovered from a
predefined area encompassing the entire experiment chamber. This area was divided into nine zones, extending 20 mm from
the impact surface and 70 mm from the non-impact surface of the glass specimen. Fragment mass distribution was then
statistically analyzed with a collection efficiency exceeding 98%. Range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were
performed on the experimental matrix to quantitatively reveal the relative influence of each parameter on glass fracture
characteristics, impactor energy dissipation, and fragment mass distribution. To avoid overreliance on statistical significance
2
derived solely on P-values, effect size analysis using partial Eta squared (η ) was innovatively incorporated to quantify the
practical engineering significance of each parameter, complementing traditional variance analysis that relies solely on P-values.
A normalized formulation characterizing fragment mass distribution was established based on the principle of dimensional
homogeneity and Buckinghamʼs Π theorem. Parameter values for the semi-empirical prediction model were determined
through an orthogonal distance regression iterative algorithm, which effectively accounts for errors in both independent and
dependent variables. The hybrid normal distribution model was adopted to fit the fragment mass distribution data, with shape
parameters fixed in accordance with boundary conditions and key parameters optimized to ensure engineering applicability.
Results demonstrate that boundary conditions dominantly control glass fracture extent and fragment dispersion. Specially,
exposed framing support yields the minimal fragment mass, corresponding to an optimal anti-scattering solution. The structural
glazing support exhibiting the maximum kinetic energy attenuation alongside a moderate fragment quantities, and point fixing
induces complete fragmentation, representing a high-risk scenario. Impact angle, glass dimensions, and velocity also exert
significant influences on fragmentation behavior. The established parameter influence hierarchy for the impact failure of
tempered glass, along with the semi-empirical predictive formula, accurately characterizes the fracture patterns of tempered glass.
Parameters for exposed frame and concealed frame supports are both approximately unity, enabling their integration into a unified
framed support system model. This research provided crucial theoretical foundations for wind-resistant design and reinforcement
of building envelope systems, particularly for aging structures equipped with single-layer tempered glass curtain walls.
Keywords: wind-borne debris; projectile impact; tempered glass; parametric influence; dimensional analysis; semi-empirical
modeling

钢化玻璃由于其具有良好的安全性、透光性和节能性 [1-2] ，已经逐步替代普通的浮法玻璃成为现在
高层住宅、玻璃幕墙、室内隔断和家具装饰的不二之选。虽然钢化玻璃相较普通浮法玻璃的强度高，但
其仍然是脆性材料，且相较普通浮法玻璃，钢化玻璃在破碎时，产生的裂纹更多，破坏面积更大，尤其在
[3]
受到冲击作用影响时，会产生大量高速飞溅的碎片，极可能带来二次伤害 。根据落基山研究所发布的
报告，截至 2024 年，我国老旧小区、农村住宅等既有建筑总面积达近 350 亿平方米，占全国住房面积的
56.5%。其中，2000 年以前建设的城镇老旧小区约 16 万个，涉及超过 4 200 万户。这些老旧建筑的玻璃
[4]
幕墙普遍存在安全隐患，尤其是单层钢化玻璃幕墙在极端天气下极易破损 。以 2018 年台风“山竹”
为例，据深圳市气象局统计，最大阵风达 46.5 m/s（15 级），造成了大面积的建筑幕墙损毁。仅此次台风，
深圳地区的直接经济损失就超过 12 亿元，其中玻璃幕墙破损占据主要部分。面对日益频繁的极端气象
事件和城市更新需求，研究老旧建筑单层钢化玻璃幕墙的抗风致飞射物冲击性能变得尤为迫切。
近年来，风工程领域对风致飞射物冲击的研究发展迅速。Dong 等 [5] 建立了城市建筑围护结构在风
致飞射物作用下的易损性模型，系统分析了飞射物冲击对建筑外立面的损伤机理，通过概率性方法量化
了不同类型飞射物对建筑围护结构的威胁程度。同时，多项研究致力于飞射物轨迹建模的改进，包括城
市环境下的三维六自由度轨迹模型和湍流边界层中的飞射物飞行验证 [6-7] 。陈胜等 [8] 研究了风致飞掷物
对建筑浮法玻璃的冲击破坏效应，发现建筑浮法玻璃在风灾中非常容易受到飞掷物的冲击而破坏。李
培玉 [9] 对退火玻璃在冲击作用下的破坏响应及失效机理开展了研究，并对冲击破坏结果进行了预测。

Zhang 等 [10] 研究了在龙卷风和风致飞射物撞击作用下核电站气密防护门的动态响应和损伤。Yang 等 [11]
研究了轨道车辆风挡玻璃在铁路沿线碎石弹体冲击下的承载能力，分析了风压载荷对风挡玻璃抗冲击

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