Page 119 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第3期

第 46 卷 姚 羿，等： 梯度陶瓷球复合装甲的抗弹性能 第 7 期

dimensional finite element model was established to reproduce the penetration process, in which the Johnson-Cook constitutive
model was employed to describe the mechanical behavior of metallic components and the Johnson-Holmquist ceramic
constitutive model was adopted to characterize the dynamic response and failure behavior of ceramic materials. Appropriate
contact algorithms and erosion criteria were implemented to simulate the interaction, damage, and fragmentation processes
between the projectile and the target materials. Parametric numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the
penetration characteristics of successive projectiles during the multi-impact process. The effects of ceramic ball diameter,
impact spacing between successive projectiles, and gradient arrangement direction of ceramic balls on the ballistic performance
of the composite structure were systematically investigated. In addition, the penetration depth, energy absorption
characteristics, damage morphology of the target, and projectile deflection behavior were analyzed to reveal the influence of
structural heterogeneity and pre-existing damage on the penetration response. The results show that increasing the diameter of
ceramic balls significantly enlarges the damage region and enhances the structural non-uniformity, thereby increasing the
sensitivity of the structure to impact location. Under multiple projectile impact conditions, the pre-existing damage caused by
the first projectile significantly reduces the energy absorption capacity of the target plate and alters the penetration behavior of
the subsequent projectile, especially when the impact point of the latter is located within the damaged region. Within a certain
range of impact spacing, projectile deflection induced by damage heterogeneity effectively reduces the penetration depth of the
backing plate even when the absorbed kinetic energy remains nearly unchanged. Compared with the negative-gradient
configuration, the positive-gradient ceramic-ball composite armor reduces the damage area of the first ceramic layer by
14.8%–57.8% under the same areal density and effectively restricts the expansion of the initial damage region, thereby
maintaining higher structural integrity under repeated impacts. These results indicate that a properly designed gradient
distribution of ceramic balls can significantly improve the multi-hit resistance of ceramic/metal composite armor and provide
useful guidance for the lightweight design and structural optimization of gradient ceramic-ball composite armor.
Keywords: gradient ceramic-ball metal composite structure; ballistic resistance; projectile penetration; secondary impact

装甲是车辆抵御冲击载荷的关键部件。传统车辆装甲 [1-4] 通常采用均质高强钢制造，其抗弹性能的
提升往往依赖于增大厚度，导致质量显著增大。因此，在保障优异防护性能的前提下实现轻量化，已成为
现代防护领域的重要发展方向。陶瓷材料因具有高硬度、高抗压强度、高弹性模量及低密度的特性 [5-7] ，
能有效抵御高速弹体侵彻并显著降低装甲质量，从而广泛应用于装甲防弹领域。目前陶瓷球增强复合
结构作为一种新型防护结构已成为重要的发展趋势，受到普遍关注。球形陶瓷在抵抗弹体侵彻方面有
着 不 可 替 代 的 优 势 ， 如 陶 瓷 球 之 间 彼 此 独 立 ， 可 有 效 避 免 径 向 裂 纹 的 大 面 积 扩 展 ； 陶 瓷 球 间 的 空
隙若通过金属材料填充，会给整个复合材料提供一定韧性，同时具备抗多次冲击的能力和轻量化的优势。
现有研究围绕陶瓷尺寸、界面特性及结构构型等因素，系统探讨了金属陶瓷球复合靶板的抗弹性能
[8]
及其作用机理。Wang 等 通过弹道实验发现，采用直径为 2 mm 的氧化锆增韧氧化铝陶瓷球可使复合靶
板对 12.7 mm 穿甲弹的防护系数提高至 2.24，但其尺寸优化机理尚不明确。已有研究指出，陶瓷颗粒增
强金属基复合材料中陶瓷与金属基体之间的界面结合强度是决定靶板抗弹性能的重要因素。Andrey 等 [9]
通过复合材料几何构型及陶瓷/金属体积分数的优化，系统改善了陶瓷球-基体界面缺陷问题，为高性能
复合装甲材料的设计与制备提供了关键思路。在数值模拟研究方面，Liu 等 [10] 基于 SPH(smoothed
particle hydrodynamics) 数值模型指出，小尺寸陶瓷球更有利于弹体动能耗散，而大尺寸陶瓷球则更易诱
导弹道偏转，但模型未考虑弹体磨蚀效应。Shao 等 [11] 的冲击实验表明，陶瓷球层在多次冲击下可通过局
部破坏与重排形成自适应防护结构，其中中间层陶瓷球的能量吸收作用最为显著。此外，陈铭等 [12] 从子
弹侵彻变形、弹速变化、靶板变形等方面，对金属约束 7.2 mm 陶瓷球复合结构的抗弹过程进行分析，评
估了其综合抗弹性能。Kang 等 [13] 进一步指出，当弹体直径与陶瓷球直径之比为 0.3～0.4 时，靶板命中高
防护性能区域的概率最高，而该比值接近 0.9 时防护效果最弱。
梯度化设计通过改善层间变形，降低载荷波动并改变应力波的传播与反射，从而显著提升结构的防

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