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第 46 卷    第 4 期                   爆    炸    与    冲    击                       Vol. 46, No. 4
                2026 年 4 月                    EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES                          Apr., 2026

               DOI：10.11883/bzycj-2024-0428


                       触地爆下建筑表面冲击波载荷的分布规律                                                        *


                                 马    龙，殷文骏，李    琦，关君翊，童念雪，程    帅，刘文祥，张德志

                            （西北核技术研究所强脉冲辐射环境模拟与效应全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710024）

                  摘要： 为深入研究触地爆下建筑表面冲击波载荷分布规律，首先开展了实验室环境下精细缩比实验，获取了球形
               炸药触地爆下缩比建筑模型表面测点冲击波压力时间曲线，得到了不同工况下冲击波特征参数分布规律；随后发展了
               冲击波传播数值模拟方法，并使用缩比实验数据对模拟方法进行校核，通过数值方法重点对建筑背爆面载荷分布及冲
               击波历程进行了分析；最后发展了基于冲击波时程分析和叠加法则的理论分析方法，得到了建筑背爆面载荷分布的量
               化分析模型，并利用模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明，触地爆下建筑迎爆面最大冲击波载荷位于建筑底部，整体
               载荷分布较均匀；建筑背爆面载荷主要集中在顶角两侧及中轴线区域，由顶边和侧边绕射冲击波叠加形成，最大超压
               出现在不同绕射冲击波交汇位置，其位置和大小受建筑尺寸和爆心距影响。
                  关键词： 触地爆；冲击波载荷；缩比实验；数值模拟
                  中图分类号： O383   国标学科代码： 13035   文献标志码： A

                  Study on blast load distribution of building surface under surface burst

                MA Long, YIN Wenjun, LI Qi, GUAN Junyi, TONG Nianxue, CHENG Shuai, LIU Wenxiang, ZHANG Dezhi
                                 （National Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect,
                                 Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, Shaanxi, China）

               Abstract:  In order to study the distribution of blast wave load of building surface under surface burst, firstly, the fine scaled
               experiments under laboratory environment were conducted. The blast wave pressure-time curves on the surface of building
               model  under  the  situation  of  surface  burst  of  spherical  charge  as  well  as  the  distribution  law  of  blast  wave  characteristic
               parameters  were  obtained.  Subsequently,  the  numerical  simulation  method  of  blast  wave  propagation  was  developed  and
               verified by the experimental data. Through simulation, the blast load distribution and time-histories of blast pressure on the rear
               face of building were analyzed. Finally, the theoretical method based on blast wave time-history analysis and superposition rule
               was proposed, and the quantitative analysis model of the blast load distribution on the rear face of building which was verified
               by numerical results was obtained. The results show that the maximum blast load on the front face of building located at the
               bottom of the building, which the overall distribution was relatively uniform. The blast load on the rear face of building was
               mainly concentrated on the two sides of the top angle and the central axis, which was formed by the superposition of the
               diffraction waves from top and side edges, and the maximum overpressure occurred at the intersection position of different
               diffraction shock waves, which is affected by the building size and explosion distance.
               Keywords:  surface burst; blast load; scaled experiment; numerical simulation

                   城市中意外爆炸事故或恐怖袭击爆炸将对周围建筑产生巨大破坏，造成严重损失。由于常见意外
               及恐袭爆炸通常发生在地面附近，因此研究触地爆下建筑表面冲击波载荷分布规律对评估建筑毁伤程
               度、指导建筑抗爆设计具有重要意义。触地爆发生后，冲击波从爆炸中心向外传播，在空气中随传播距

               离增大强度衰减。为研究冲击波在空气中传播规律，Taylor                       [1]  及  Sedov  等  [2]  利用相似律理论及数值方法



                 *   收稿日期： 2024-11-01；修回日期： 2025-05-28
                   第一作者： 马 龙（1994－ ），男，博士，助理研究员，malong@nint.ac.cn
                   通信作者： 张德志（1973－ ），男，博士，研究员，zhangdezhi@nint.ac.cn


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