Page 91 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第3期
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第 46 卷 张柱国,等: 泡沫铝夹芯结构抗鸟体冲击吸能机理及在飞机机头端框挡板中的应用 第 3 期
strike resistance. First, the effectiveness of the bird body constitutive model and its contact algorithm was verified by
comparing the high-speed bird body impact test on aluminum alloy flat plates with the simulated strain data. Based on previous
experimental data, combined with parameter inversion and simulation cases, the simulation data of homogeneous and gradient
aluminum foams are in good agreement with the test results, which verifies the accuracy and applicability of the aluminum
foam material constitutive model. Furthermore, using the professional Pam-crash software, transient impact dynamics
simulations of bird strikes were conducted on both the stiffened panel structure and the aluminum foam sandwich structure end
frame. Combined with the damage and deformation conditions of each component and energy absorption data, a comparative
analysis was made on the differences in their impact response characteristics and energy absorption mechanisms. The study
shows that the stiffened panel mainly absorbs the energy of bird body impact through its plastic deformation, while the
aluminum foam sandwich structure absorbs energy synergistically through the compressive collapse failure of the core layer
and the large plastic deformation mechanism of the upper face sheet. The optimized aluminum foam sandwich structure is
significantly superior to the traditional stiffened panel structure in terms of energy absorption efficiency. Subsequently, a full-
coverage optimization design scheme for the baffle was completed based on the energy absorption characteristics of the
aluminum foam sandwich structure. According to the full-coverage bird impact simulation results, the proposed aluminum
foam sandwich baffle design achieves a structural weight reduction of more than 30% while maintaining the same bird strike
resistance performance as the in-service structure. This research provides reliable technical references and innovative ideas for
the lightweight bird strike-resistant design of the civil aircraft nose bulkhead.
Keywords: aluminum foam; sandwich structure; absorption mechanism; bird strike; nose bulkhead
鸟撞是一种突发性和多发性的飞行事故,一旦发生,轻则导致飞机结构部件的损伤,重则引发机毁
人亡的灾难性事故 [1-2] 。根据美国联邦航空管理局(Federal Aviation Administration,FAA)的统计数据,仅
在 2023 年,动物撞击事件就导致美国民航业损失了 62 761 h 的飞机运营时间,并造成约 4.61 亿美元的直
[3]
接和间接经济损失 。鸟撞已经成为威胁航空安全的最危险因素之一。
目前,鸟撞的研究方法主要包括工程试验法和数值仿真法。由于地面试验过程冗长且成本高昂,越
来越多的学者选择采用数值仿真的方法来研究鸟撞问题,以提高研究的效率和经济性。这些方法主要
包括拉格朗日(Lagrange)、任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)和光滑粒子流体动力学
(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)等。拉格朗日法适用于固体力学问题,已被众多研究者用于鸟撞
模拟 [4-5] 。然而,鸟体在高度变形后可能导致网格严重畸变,从而影响计算精度。因此,人们发展了 ALE
法 [6-7] 和 SPH 法 [8-9] 来模拟鸟体。尽管 ALE 法不受网格畸变的限制,但其求解时间较长且需要设置大量
控制参数,增大了实现的难度。相比之下,SPH 法不依赖网格且求解速度较快,被广泛应用于鸟撞模
拟。Georgiadis 等 [10] 利用 SPH 方法对波音 787 的碳纤维环氧复合材料可移动后缘进行了鸟撞仿真,并通
过具有代表性的结构试验验证了模型的准确性。此外,刘军等 [11] 和贾建东等 [12] 也采用 SPH 方法建立了
鸟体的数值模型,并开展了仿真与试验,进一步证明了 SPH 方法在鸟撞数值仿真中的高效性和可靠性。
作为民用飞机最前端的结构,机头雷达罩区域是鸟撞发生的高风险部位。研究表明,机头雷达罩在
遭遇鸟撞时容易被击穿 [13] ,导致其后的端框结构受损。根据我国 HB 7084—2014《民用飞机结构抗鸟撞
设计与试验通用要求》 [14] ,在鸟撞事件发生后,雷达罩区域必须确保气密端框的完好性。因此,增强端框
结构的抗鸟撞设计显得尤为重要。为此,某型号飞机的机头端框增设了一块铝合金加筋挡板,但该挡板
的重量增加过大,影响了飞机结构的轻量化设计。
夹芯结构是一种由两层高强度面板和一层低密度但厚度较大的芯层材料构成的复合结构。面板主
要承受弯曲载荷和平面载荷,而芯层则主要负责承受横向剪切力,分散并重新分布集中作用力,同时保
持结构的整体性 [15-16] 。泡沫铝材料兼具金属的高强度和多孔材料的轻质特性,因其轻量、高强度及显著
的抗冲击性能,被广泛应用于航空航天领域 [17-19] 。Huo 等 [20] 研究了面板材料和厚度等因素对低速夹芯板
抗冲击性的影响,得出延展性材料更适合用作面板的结论。杨飞等 [21] 、方志威等 [22] 、Tang 等 [23] 对泡沫铝
033101-2

