Page 50 - 《真空与低温》2026年第2期

第 32 卷 第 2 期 真空与低温
2026 年 3 月 Vacuum and Cryogenics 169

稀 释 式 制 冷 氦 离 心 压 缩 机 叶 轮 设 计 与 模 拟 分 析

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郝昭璋 1,2 ，柯长磊 ，熊联友 ，刘弘民 1,2 ，彭 楠 ，左建生 1,2 ，李空荣 ，张晓华 ，刘立强 1,2
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（1. 中国科学院理化技术研究所，北京 100190；2. 中国科学院大学，北京 100190）
摘要：氦气在干式稀释制冷机中的循环效率，是决定系统制冷功率与整体效能的关键。传统系统多采用涡轮
分子泵进行氦气的预压缩，然而，此类泵不仅对高真空环境有严苛要求、质量流量有限，且其设计并未针对低温工
况进行优化。随着对更大制冷量的需求日益迫切，现有技术已逐渐出现瓶颈。论文探讨了离心式压缩机作为实
现更大流量氦循环替代方案的可行性。通过对氦气离心式冷压缩机的叶轮进行专门设计与流体力学仿真，初步
验证了此技术应用于稀释制冷机循环中的潜力与优势。离心式压缩机有望克服传统方案的限制，为开发下一代
大冷量稀释制冷机提供一条可行的技术路径。
关键词：稀释式制冷机；离心式压缩机；叶轮设计；计算流体力学仿真
中图分类号：TB651 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7086（2026）02-0169-06
DOI：10.12446/j.issn.1006-7086.2026.02.007

Design and Simulation Analysis of a Helium Centrifugal Cryogenic Compressor for
Dilution Refrigerators

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HAO Zhaozhang ，KE Changlei ，XIONG Lianyou ，LIU Hongmin ，PENG Nan ，ZUO Jiansheng ，
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LI Kongrong ，ZHANG Xiaohua ，LIU Liqiang 1,2
（1. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100190，China；
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100190，China）
Abstract：The circulation efficiency of Helium within a closed-cycle dilution refrigerator is a critical determinant of the
system's cooling power and thermodynamic stability. In conventional architectures，pre-compression is typically achieved us-
ing turbomolecular pumps. However，these pumps，inherently designed for high-vacuum molecular flow，impose significant
limitations on mass flow rates and are not optimized for cryogenic conditions. There is an urgent demand for substantially
greater cooling power to manage increasing heat loads， rendering the limited throughput of current pump technologies a
growing bottleneck in system scaling. To address these challenges，this study investigates the feasibility of a centrifugal com-
pressor as a high-throughput alternative. A specialized impeller was developed using a combination of the one-dimensional
mean streamline method and three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations，with adopting specific speed as a
key design criterion. The design targets the unique thermophysical properties of Helium at cryogenic temperatures and low
pressures.The simulation results under design conditions demonstrate that the proposed impeller achieves a mass flow rate of
3.6 g/s and a static pressure ratio of 2.34， significantly exceeding the throughput of traditional solutions. The impeller ex-
hibits excellent aerodynamic performance， achieving an isentropic efficiency of 77.16% and a polytropic efficiency of
81.44%. Furthermore，the study analyzes performance under off-design conditions，establishing a predicted surge line to de-
fine the stable operating range. It was observed that at excessive rotational speeds，local supersonic regions develop at the
blade leading edge，inducing shock losses that degrade efficiency. These findings confirm that centrifugal compression offers
a viable，scalable technical path for next-generation，high-capacity dilution refrigerators.
Key words：dilution refrigerator；cryogenic centrifugal compressor；impeller design；computational fluid dynamics sim-
ulation

收稿日期：2025−12−26
基金项目：北京市科技计划项目（Z25110100040000）
作者简介：郝昭璋，硕士研究生。E-mail：haozhaozhang24@mails.ucas.ac.cn
通信作者：柯长磊，博士，副研究员。E-mail：kechanglei@mail.ipc.ac.cn