Page 94 - 《真空与低温》2025年第3期

第 31 卷 第 3 期 真空与低温
2025 年 5 月 Vacuum and Cryogenics 365

受 超 构 材 料 启 发 的 真 空 电 子 器 件 研 究 进 展

段兆云，王传超，吕志方，董济博
（电子科技大学电子科学与工程学院 微波电真空器件国家级重点实验室，成都 611731）

摘要：超构材料是一类具有自然材料不能或难以实现的新颖物理特性的人工亚波长结构。这些物理特性包
括负折射率、反向多普勒效应、反向切伦科夫辐射、增强渡越辐射等，它们主要取决于超构材料单元的形状、尺
寸和排列方式等。当带电粒子与超构材料相互作用时，会激发出新奇的反向切伦科夫辐射或增强渡越辐射，这与
真空电子器件的工作原理相契合。基于超构材料的反向切伦科夫辐射机理或增强渡越辐射机理，并结合超构材
料自身的强谐振和亚波长优势，发展出了一系列具有显著小型化和高效率特点的超构材料真空电子器件。基于
反向切伦科夫辐射机理的超构材料真空电子器件有反向切伦科夫辐射振荡器和反向切伦科夫辐射放大器。其中，
反向切伦科夫辐射振荡器实验获得的电子效率高达 19.54%，其超构材料慢波结构的直径仅为 0.33λ（λ 为自由空间
中的波长）。基于增强渡越辐射机理的超构材料真空电子器件包括超构材料扩展互作用振荡器、超构材料扩展互
作用速调管和超构材料速调管等。其中，超构材料速调管的体积约为传统速调管的 0.44 倍，实验得到的电子效率
为 57.4%。上述实验结果证实了超构材料真空电子器件具有小型化和高效率的优点，其将在大科学装置、雷达、
通信、医学成像、微波加热等领域具有重要的应用前景。
关键词：超构材料；反向切伦科夫辐射；增强渡越辐射；真空电子器件
中图分类号：TB71；TN146 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006−7086（2025）03−0365−06
DOI：10.12446/j.issn.1006-7086.2025.03.012

Research Advances in Metamaterial-inspired Vacuum Electron Devices

DUAN Zhaoyun，WANG Chuanchao，LÜ Zhifang，DONG Jibo
（National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Vacuum Electronics in Chengdu，School of Electronic
Science and Engineering，University of Electronic Science and Technology of China，Chengdu 611731，China）

Abstract：Metamaterials are artificial sub-wavelength structures with unique physical properties that cannot or cannot
easily be realized using natural materials. These unique physical properties include negative refractive index， reversed
Doppler effect，reversed Cherenkov radiation，and enhanced transition radiation，which mainly depend on the shape，size，and
arrangement of metamaterial unit cells. When the charged particles interact with the metamaterial， the novel reversed
Cherenkov radiation or enhanced transition radiation is excited，which coincides with the operating principle of vacuum elec-
tron devices. Based on the reversed Cherenkov radiation or enhanced transition radiation，and combined with the strong reso-
nance and sub-wavelength characteristics of metamaterials，a series of metamaterial-inspired vacuum electron devices with
significant miniaturization and high efficiency have been developed. The metamaterial-inspired vacuum electron devices
based on the reversed Cherenkov radiation have reversed Cherenkov radiation oscillator and reversed Cherenkov radiation
amplifier. The measured electron efficiency of the reversed Cherenkov radiation oscillator is as high as 19.54%，and the di-
ameter of the metamaterial slow-wave structure is only 0.33λ （λ is the wavelength in the free space）. The metamaterial-in-
spired vacuum electron devices based on the enhanced transition radiation include the metamaterial extended interaction os-
cillator， the metamaterial extended interaction klystron， and the metamaterial klystron. The volume of the metamaterial
klystron is about 0.44 of the conventional klystron，and the measured electron efficiency is 57.4%. The above experimental
results confirm the advantages of miniaturization and high efficiency of the metamaterial-inspired vacuum electron devices，
which will have important application prospects in large-scale scientific facilities，radar，communications，medical imaging，

收稿日期：2024−10−21
基金项目：国家自然科学基金（62131006、62371108、61921002）
作者简介：段兆云，博士，教授，博士生导师。E-mail：zhyduan@uestc.edu.cn