Page 37 - 《中国医疗器械杂志》2026年第1期
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Chinese Journal of Medical Instrumentation                                         2026年 第50卷 第1期

                                                     医  学  人   工  智  能



              PEAIM保持了优于单器官模型的稳定性能,这验                           [4]   TESSLER F N, MIDDLETON W D, GRANT E G, et al.
              证了其面对不同医疗中心数据时的鲁棒性。在迁移                                ACR Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System (TI-
                                                                    RADS): white paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee[J].
              性方面,多任务学习框架和模型的分层设计(共享
                                                                    J Am Coll Radiol, 2017, 14(5): 587-595.
              层+特异层)使知识能够在两类结节任务间有效迁
                                                                [5]   D'ORSI C J, SICKLES E A, MENDELSON E B, et al.
                [34]
              移 。实验中可观察到,随着样本量减少,PEAIM                              ACR  BI-RADS®  Atlas,  Breast  Imaging  Reporting  and
              相比单器官模型的优势逐渐增大,证实了PEAIM                               Data  System[M].  Reston,  VA:  American  College  of
              在数据稀疏情境下的良好迁移学习能力。特别是在                                Radiology, 2013.
                                                                [6]   CIBAS  E  S,  ALI  S  Z.  The  2017  Bethesda  system  for
              小样本学习实验(使用10%训练数据)中,PEAIM
                                                                    reporting  thyroid  cytopathology[J].  Thyroid,  2017,
              仍保持AUC>0.85的性能,而单器官模型性能则降
                                                                    27(11): 1341-1346.
              至AUC<0.80。这种强大的迁移学习能力对于罕见                         [7]   HOANG J K, MIDDLETON W D, FARJAT A E, et al.
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              亚型结节和数据有限的临床场景具有重要价值 。                                Interobserver  variability  of  sonographic  features  used  in
                  本模型也存在技术局限:①计算复杂度较高,                              the  American  College  of  Radiology  Thyroid  Imaging
              Transformer架构需要较大的计算资源和内存,可能                          Reporting  and  Data  System[J].  AJR  Am  J  Roentgenol,
                                                                    2018, 211(1): 162-167.
              限制其在资源设备上的应用;②对特征分布的依赖
                                                                [8]   ELEZABY M, LI G, BHARGAVAN-CHATFIELD M, et
              性,当新数据分布与训练集显著偏离时(如不同种                                al. ACR BI-RADS assessment category 4 subdivisions in
              族人群或不同超声设备),模型性能可能下降,需                                diagnostic mammography: utilization and outcomes in the
              要额外的域适应技术;③多任务学习中存在任务冲                                National  Mammography  Database[J].  Radiology,  2018,
              突问题:部分特征对不同器官结节的预测任务影响                                287(2): 416-422.
                                                                [9]   GAO  Y,  GOLDBERG  J  E,  YOUNG  T  K,  et  al.  Breast
              方向相反(如年龄因素在甲状腺结节中与恶性风险
                                                                    cancer  screening  with  digital  breast  tomosynthesis  and
              负相关,在乳腺结节中则正相关),这种冲突可能                                digital mammography in dense and nondense breasts[J].
              导致模型共享表示层的特征学习不够优化,因此需                                JAMA, 2020, 323(8): 746-756.
              要设计更精细的特征分离机制以区分跨器官共性特                            [10]   ZHU  Y  L,  SONG  Y  T,  XU  G  H,  et  al.  Causes  of
              征与器官特异性特征;④可解释性挑战,虽然使用                                misdiagnoses  by  thyroid  fine-needle  aspiration  cytology
                                                                    (FNAC):  our  experience  and  a  systematic  review[J].
              SHAP提供了特征重要性解释,但Transformer的注
                                                                    Diagn Pathol, 2020, 15(1): 1
              意力机制和深层表示学习仍有“黑盒”特性,临床                            [11]   LI X, ZHANG S, ZHANG Q, et al. Diagnosis of thyroid
              医师难以完全理解具体决策路径;⑤数据质量敏感                                cancer  using  deep  convolutional  neural  network  models
              性,模型对标签质量和特征规范化程度较为敏感,                                applied  to  sonographic  images:  a  retrospective,
              这可能为其多中心实施带来标准化挑战。未来工作                                multicohort,  diagnostic  study[J].  Lancet  Oncol,  2019,
                                                                    20(2): 193-201.
              将致力于开发更轻量级的模型架构、改进域适应技
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              术、设计更精细的特征共享机制、增强模型可解释                                nodule  recognition  and  diagnosis  in  ultrasound  imaging
              性,以及建立更严格的数据质量控制流程,从工程                                with  the  YOLOv2  neural  network[J].  World  J  Surg
              角度进一步提升模型的临床实用性。                                      Oncol, 2019, 17(1): 12.
                                                                [13]   WU  G  G,  ZHOU  L  Q,  XU  J  W,  et  al.  Artificial
                                                                    intelligence in thyroid ultrasound diagnosis[J]. Med Phys,
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