Page 471 - 《软件学报》2026年第2期

950 软件学报 2026 年第 37 卷第 2 期

表 6 合约开销

操作 Gas ETH RMB USD
部署合约 419 655 549.33 6.952 126 199 0.958 345 560
处理1条评价反馈消息 3 341 4.373 4 0.055 347 973 0.007 629 678
处理5条评价反馈消息 8 969 11.740 4 0.148 583 050 0.020 482 066
处理10条评价反馈消息 16 005 20.951 0.265 143 463 0.036 549 834
处理50条评价反馈消息 72 306 94.649 1.197 842 125 0.165 121 669

7 总 结

针对 5G IoV 中存在的一些挑战, 首先, 本文设计了一种面向 5G IoV 的基于联盟区块链的半分布式消息认证
加密框架, 由各区域的 VMC 共同维护区块链, 而车辆作为轻节点加入区块链, 并且由 5G 基站提供快速的信息传
输. 通过结合区块链与智能合约, 实现分布式密钥获取, 解决传统第三方中心化管理引起的单点故障问题. 其次, 在
本文中使用 CLS 与对称加密的方式结合, 保证了传输消息的完整性及消息来源的可验证, 从而保障了 IoV 的安全
通信. 然后, 本文还设置信誉值约束车辆乱发虚假消息等恶意行为, 可以从源头减少网络中虚假消息的数量. 最后,
形式化的安全性证明和详细的安全性分析表明, 该协议不仅能达到 IoV 的安全需求, 而且能够抵抗各种常见的攻
击. 该方案基于椭圆曲线密码体制, 通过实验证明了其具有较低的计算开销和通信开销.

References
[1] Dong S, Su HD, Xia YJ, Zhu F, Hu XR, Wang BC. A comprehensive survey on authentication and attack detection schemes that threaten
it in vehicular ad-hoc networks. IEEE Trans. on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2023, 24(12): 13573–13602. [doi: 10.1109/TITS.
2023.3297527]
[2] Yoshizawa T, Singelée D, Muehlberg JT, Delbruel S, Taherkordi A, Hughes D, Preneel B. A survey of security and privacy issues in
V2X communication systems. ACM Computing Surveys, 2023, 55(9): 185. [doi: 10.1145/3558052]
[3] Dong P, Zheng T, Yu S, Zhang HK, Yan XY. Enhancing vehicular communication using 5G-enabled smart collaborative networking.
IEEE Wireless Communications, 2017, 24(6): 72–79. [doi: 10.1109/MWC.2017.1600375]
[4] Elsayed MM, Hosny KM, Fouda MM, Khashaba MM. Vehicles communications handover in 5G: A survey. ICT Express, 2023, 9(3):
366–378. [doi: 10.1016/j.icte.2022.01.005]
[5] Al-Shareeda MA, Anbar M, Hasbullah IH, Manickam S. Survey of authentication and privacy schemes in vehicular ad hoc networks.
IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021, 21(2): 2422–2433. [doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3021731]
[6] Li Q, Malip A, Martin KM, Ng SL, Zhang J. A reputation-based announcement scheme for VANETs. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular
Technology, 2012, 61(9): 4095–4108. [doi: 10.1109/TVT.2012.2209903]
[7] Ma K, Zhou YW, Wang Y, Dong CS, Xia Z, Yang B, Zhang MW. An efficient certificateless signature scheme with provably security
and its applications. IEEE Systems Journal, 2023, 17(4): 5636–5647. [doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2023.3269597]
[8] Genc Y, Aytas N, Akkoc A, Afacan E, Yazgan E. ELCPAS: A new efficient lightweight certificateless conditional privacy preserving
authentication scheme for IoV. Vehicular Communications, 2023, 39: 100549. [doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100549]
[9] Yao C, Zhang XJ, Liu YZ, Zhao BY, Wu QH, Susilo W. Blockchain-based secure and efficient ADS-B authentication via certificateless
signature with packet loss tolerance. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025, 12(8): 10574–10588. [doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2024.3511627]
[10] Ye FX, Wu WQ. A security-enhanced certificateless conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme with collusion-resistance for
IoV. Computer Networks, 2025, 259: 111084. [doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111084]
[11] Yeh KH. A secure transaction scheme with certificateless cryptographic primitives for IoT-based mobile payments. IEEE Systems
Journal, 2018, 12(2): 2027–2038. [doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2017.2668389]
[12] Qiao ZR, Yang QL, Zhou YW, Yang B, Gu CX, Zhang MW, Xia Z. An efficient authentication key agreement protocol with provable
security for VANET. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2023, 46(5): 929–944 (in Chinese with English abstract). [doi: 10.11897/SP.J.1016.
2023.00929]
[13] Liu WH, Xu CX. Certificateless signcryption scheme without bilinear pairing. Ruan Jian Xue Bao/Journal of Software, 2011, 22(8):
1918–1926 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.jos.org.cn/1000-9825/3891.htm [doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1001.2011.03891]
[14] Pan XY, Jin YQ, Wang ZQ, Li FG. A pairing-free heterogeneous signcryption scheme for unmanned aerial vehicles. IEEE Internet of