Page 144 - 摩擦学学报2025年第8期

1242 摩擦学学报（中英文） 第 45 卷

mechanisms, including contact-splitting and crack trapping, allow for the accumulation of van der Waals forces, which
are pivotal in generating the exceptional reversible adhesion observed in geckos. During their climbing activities, geckos
also secreted free lipid molecules resulting from cohesive failure within the adhesive structures. These lipid molecules
formed a protective film on the microstructure of the toes, which served to prevent prolonged wear and tear, thereby
ensuring the durability and longevity of the reversible adhesion capability. Inspired by these biological principles,
researchers had developed a class of surface-structured functional materials known as gecko-inspired dry-state reversible
adhesive materials (commonly referred to as reversible adhesive materials). These materials were characterized by a
microscopic adhesion mechanism that is fundamentally different from traditional chemical bonding. They exhibited
unique properties such as reversible and controllable adhesion, as well as non-destructive bonding and debonding. Over
the past two decades, significant progress had been made in the development of these materials, which now showed great
promise for a wide range of applications. These included controlled gripping-release mechanisms, controlled transport
systems, assisted climbing technologies, and non-destructive bonding-debonding processes, with potential applications
in areas such as on-orbit servicing technology, the electronics industry, and biomedical fields. This paper systematically
reviewed the research progress in reversible adhesive materials by tracing the evolution of understanding in biological
reversible adhesion mechanisms. It covered various stages of development, from simple geometric structures to complex
multiscale architectures and controllable responsive materials, while also discussing the challenges and potential future
directions in this exciting field of study.
Key words: reversible adhesion; controllable adhesion; surface structure; surface chemistry; organosilicon

可逆黏附材料(Reversible Adhesive Materials)是 壁虎启发的抓取器，并在空间站内实现物体抓取-释
受生物体特殊微结构启发制备的1类具有独特可逆黏 放. 此外，在生物医学领域，可逆黏附材料可用作生物
附-脱附能力的材料. 不同于传统的胶接等不可逆粘 友好皮肤贴固定传感器，以及用于开发可穿戴传感器
接，可逆黏附材料普适于不同材质物体表面，且脱附 件等 [32-34] . 可逆黏附材料的发展脉络和典型应用领域
后不会留下残留物. 该类材料展现出的独特可逆黏附 如图1所示.
特性，使其在多个领域展现出了颠覆性的应用前景. 本文中结合生物可逆黏附机制的认知发展，系统
生物体的可逆黏附微结构，如壁虎脚的多级刚 综述了可逆黏附材料的研究进展. 在第1节中论述了
毛-绒毛结构，可以通过尖端的细分结构增加同物体 生物可逆黏附机理；在第2节中，从简单几何结构、复
表面的接触面积，进而实现以物理相互作用为主的黏 杂多尺度结构及可控响应型可逆黏附材料等3方面对
附力的累积放大，最终获得强黏附及易脱附能力. 基 其进行了系统综述；最后对可逆黏附材料存在的挑战
于接触力学，这一独特的黏附特性得益于多级刚毛- 进行了论述，并对其发展趋势进行了展望.

绒毛结构带来的接触裂分现象 [1-3] . “接触裂分” [4-5] 形成
点对点及自适应共形接触，可以减少附着过程储存的 1 可逆黏附机理
弹性形变势能对黏附力的冲销，同时增加脱附时的界 在自然界，可逆黏附(又称可控黏附、暂时性黏
面应力(裂分式接触导致裂纹扩展受限及裂纹反复再 附)是常见且随着生物进化逐步形成的1种生存及环境
生，从而增加最终脱附所需应力) [6-7] . 生物干态可逆黏 适应能力. 具备该能力的典型生物包括昆虫、蜥蜴和

附机制的认知发展脉络如图1所示. 壁虎等，其主要依托于足部纤维化微结构获得可逆黏
随着对生物微结构及其可逆黏附原理认知的逐 附能力. 生物可逆黏附现象引起了学者的极大研究兴
步深入，一系列可逆黏附材料得以成功研发. 通过调 趣，其中壁虎因优异的脚趾单位面积大承重，对其可
控负载力或者物理和化学结构的响应性改变，可逆黏 逆黏附机理的研究最为深入. 1900年Haase首次提出

附材料展现出了优异的可控黏附-脱附及零残留等突 了壁虎脚趾黏附力是基于分子间作用力的假设，并指
出特性. 在机器人技术中，可逆黏附材料可用于增强 出黏附力随着壁虎脚趾与接触界面距离的减小而增
抓取能力，使机械臂能够完成更为精细的抓取-释放 大. 早期关于壁虎黏附能力的假说还包括黏性分泌
[8]
[25]
操作 . 在航空航天领域，可逆黏附材料可以作为终 物、强摩擦、静电作用和微互锁 等，这些说法已被证
[35]
端执行材料，在空间抓取及暂时性固定等空间服务技 伪. 1965年，Ruibal等 首次通过电子显微镜观察到了
[31]
术中发挥关键作用 [25-30] . Parness等 设计了一系列受 壁虎脚趾末端的抹刀状结构，并认为该结构有利于增