Page 63 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第3期
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第 46 卷 罗 贤,等: 一种新型胸部物理模型的设计及冲击响应分析 第 7 期
low-velocity impacts at or below 90.0 m/s. Among them, the maximum relative errors between simulated and experimental
displacements at 56.0 and 86.5 m/s are 16% and 21%, respectively. A projectile hardness scan (soft/medium/hard) showed that
VC increased from 0.298 m/s to 0.336 m/s at 56.0 m/s and from 0.765 m/s to 0.856 m/s at 86.5 m/s, indicating a more
max
pronounced risk amplification at higher energies. When the rib spacing varies within the range of 80%−120% of the baseline
rib spacing, its effect on the peak displacement and contact force is approximately ±6%, and VC max fluctuates within
5.7%−6.2%, which is generally within the engineering acceptable range. Compared with the surrogate human thorax for impact
model (SHTIM), the proposed model adhered more closely to the corridor mid-line at 56.0, 86.5 m/s, and yielded VC max values
of 0.308, 0.803 m/s (both within the recommended ranges), whereas the SHTIM slightly underestimated the high-energy case,
confirming the model advantage in response fidelity and criterion consistency. A systematic simulation was conducted for
impact responses by four typical projectiles (NS, CONDOR, SIR-X, and RB1FS) within the velocity range of 60.0–90.0 m/s,
elucidating the influence mechanisms of projectile structure and material on thoracic injury risk. Under higher speed impact
(100.0–120.0 m/s), the soft tissue layer of the model dominates energy absorption and dissipation, while the peak stress in the
rib layer increases significantly with velocity and exceeds the yield limit, indicating a high risk of fracture. Thickness
sensitivity analysis reveals that the thickness of the soft tissue layer plays the most prominent role in regulating energy
absorption and deformation. These findings provide important theoretical and technical support for NLKP impact injury
assessment and the optimization of protective equipment.
Keywords: thoracic physical model; non-lethal kinetic projectile; viscous criterion; high-velocity impact; injury risk
assessment
随着非致命动能弹(non-lethal kinetic projectile, NLKP)在维稳执法和防暴中的广泛应用,其安全性评
[1]
价日益成为学术和装备研发关注的焦点 。NLKP 通过对人体施加非穿透性冲击,能够有效制止目标、
造成疼痛和暂时性功能障碍,体现了“非致命但具控制力”的设计理念。但在实际应用中,若使用方式
不当,仍有可能引发肋骨骨折、肺挫伤等严重胸部损伤 。早期关于 NLKP 胸部损伤机制的研究多以尸
[2]
体实验为基础。例如:韦恩州立大学(Wayne State University, WSU)团队利用 L5 型棍弹冲击尸体胸部,系
统测量冲击力、胸壁位移等参数,并建立了基于最大黏性准则(maximum viscosity criterion,VC max ,β vc,max )
的伤害评价体系 。该团队提出 β vc,max =0.8 m/s 对应约 50% 的胸骨或肋骨骨折风险,这一指标被北约联合
[3]
工程出版物第 99 号(Allied Engineering Publication 99,AEP-99)《非致命性射弹的胸部损伤风险评估》标准 [4]
采纳,成为非致命武器胸部冲击安全性评估的核心依据,也为相关模型开发提供了理论基础。
为提高实验的可重复性和仿真精度,研究者陆续开发出多种替代物和数值模型。Humanetics 公司
基于尸体实验数据设计了三肋胸部弹道冲击假人(three-rib ballistic impact dummy, 3RBID),通过内嵌高
频光学位移传感器,准确获取了肋骨的变形并据此计算了 VC max ,其力学响应与人体实验高度一致 [5-6] 。
此外,胸部冲击替代体模型(surrogate human thorax for impact model, SHTIM)等虚拟替代方案也经对比验
[7]
证,能较准确地预测胸部变形和损伤指标 。国内学者同样积极推进国产替代方案。赵法栋等 [8] 利用
Hybrid Ш 50th 假 人 及 有 限 元 分 析 , 对 NLKP 与 大 质 量 低 速 钝 性 冲 击 的 胸 部 效 应 进 行 了 对 比 , 发 现
NLKP 冲击持续时间短、峰值力高、能量衰减快,且肋骨前缘拐角处更易应力集中引发骨折。此外,一些
学者尝试采用明胶、松木板、猪体或山羊等生物或仿生材料进行冲击损伤试验 [9-10] ,但因其结构简化程度
较高或个体差异大,难以精确模拟人体胸廓的真实力学响应,存在一定局限性 [11] 。王智等 [12] 采用数值模
拟方法,揭示了爆炸冲击波与破片共同作用下,防弹衣复合结构对胸部的防护效果,并指出材料层次与
厚度优化对提升防护性能具有重要作用。刘迪等 [13] 基于有限元仿真,证明聚氨酯泡沫材料能够有效削
弱爆炸冲击波的超压峰值,从而降低胸部及肺脏损伤风险。张佃元等 [14] 通过猪胸部有限元模型及压力
实测,量化了表皮压力与肺损伤程度的关系,为相关生物力学建模和冲击伤害评估提供了实验与数值参
考。整体来看,当前研究主要存在以下问题:一是商业化替代物虽具较高仿真性,然而,多数商用化替代
物采用封装化固定结构设计,其内部几何与材料参数无法根据实验需求进行修改,模型的可调性与拓展
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