Page 4 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第01期
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第 46 卷 第 1 期 爆 炸 与 冲 击 Vol. 46, No. 1
2026 年 1 月 EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES Jan., 2026
DOI：10.11883/bzycj-2024-0457
近水面空中爆炸冲击波的载荷特性 *
黄 超 ，徐维铮 ，曾 繁 ，张 磐 ，黄 宇 ，刘 娜 1,2
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（1. 中物院高性能数值模拟软件中心，北京 100088；
2. 北京应用物理与计算数学研究所，北京 100088；
3. 中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所，四川 绵阳 621999）
摘要： 靠近水面的空中爆炸是舰船的重要威胁之一。为了研究水面传播冲击波的载荷特性，采用 TNT/RDX(40/60)
炸药开展了触水、近水和空中 3 种典型比高条件下的爆炸实验，测量得到了冲击波超压和爆炸的高速摄影图像。采用
数值模拟方法进一步研究了爆炸现象和水面冲击波的载荷规律。结果表明：触水、近水和空中爆炸现象存在显著差
异。触水爆炸时，爆轰产物直接驱动水面形成半球形空腔，水坑边缘的水被挤压向上飞溅形成空心水柱；近水爆炸时，
爆轰产物对水面的碰撞作用相对较弱，水面上的冲击波主要以马赫波沿着水面向外传播；空中爆炸时，冲击波在水面
存在明显的规则和非规则反射区。在同等当量条件下，触水爆炸时的水面冲击波超压较近水爆炸的低，但水中冲击波
压力更高，因此水面不能再看成刚性平面。通过数据拟合得到了触水和典型近水爆炸条件下，水面上水平距离在 0.5～
4.0 m/kg 1/3 范围内的冲击波超压和正压持续时间计算公式，可为冲击波载荷计算和分析提供参考。
关键词： 空中爆炸；近水面；触水；水中爆炸；冲击波
中图分类号： O382.1 国标学科代码： 13035 文献标志码： A
The characteristics of shock wave loads from air blast near the water surface
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HUANG Chao , XU Weizheng , ZENG Fan , ZHANG Pan , HUANG Yu , LIU Na 1,2
（1. CAEP Software Center for High Performance Numerical Simulation, Beijing 100088, China;
2. Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China;
3. Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China）
Abstract: Blasts near the water surface are one of the major threats to ships. Experiments were carried out to study the load
characteristics of the shock wave on the water surface with TNT/RDX(40/60) explosives. Three typical scaled burst heights
were used: contact burst, near-surface blast, and air blast. In the experiments, overpressures in air and water were obtained, and
high-speed photographic was used to record the explosion images. A numerical simulation method based on a five-equation
model was used to study further the explosion phenomenon and the loading characteristic of shock waves on the water surface.
The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The results show significant differences
among contact bursts, near-surface blasts, and air blasts. In the contact burst, the detonation products drive the water surface
directly, creating a hemispherical cavity, and the water at the edge of the cavity is squeezed upwards, forming a hollow water
column. In the near-surface blast, the collision of the detonation products with the water surface is relatively weak, and the
shock wave on the water surface mainly propagates outwards as Mach waves along the water surface. In the air blast, there are
clear regular and irregular reflection zones of the shock wave on the water surface. Under the same yield conditions, the
overpressure on the water surface of the contact burst is lower than that of the near-surface blast, but the pressure in the water is
more stressful. Therefore, the water surface can no longer be considered a rigid plane. The formulas of overpressure and
* 收稿日期： 2024-11-20；修回日期： 2025-01-16
基金项目： 中国工程物理研究院院长基金（YZJJZQ2023024）
第一作者： 黄 超（1984－ ），男，博士，副研究员，huang_chao@iapcm.ac.cn
通信作者： 曾 繁（1989－ ），男，博士，副研究员，zeng_fan@iapcm.ac.cn
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