Page 20 - 《爆炸与冲击》2026年第8期

第 46 卷 第 8 期 爆 炸 与 冲 击 Vol. 46, No. 8
2026 年 8 月 EXPLOSION AND SHOCK WAVES Aug., 2026

DOI：10.11883/bzycj-2025-0273

动态荷载作用下钠离子电池的失效行为

与安全性能分析 *

赵春风 ，王薪淏 ，杨 正 ，董 钢 ，陶常法 3
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（1. 合肥工业大学土木与水利工程学院，安徽 合肥 230009；
2. 合肥工业大学安徽省土木工程结构与材料重点实验室，安徽 合肥 230009；
3. 合肥工业大学汽车与交通工程学院，安徽 合肥 230009）

摘要： 钠离子电池因资源丰富和成本优势成为储能领域的重要发展方向，但其机械滥用下的安全性研究仍显不
足。以 18650 商用钠离子电池为对象，采用试验与模拟相结合的方法，系统研究了其在径向挤压下的失效机理。同
时，建立均质化有限元模型，模拟其动态冲击（1～35 m/s）行为，并引入应力波理论分析其失效机理。结果表明，在准静
态挤压下电池峰值载荷点与失效点高度吻合。挤压速度提升使峰值载荷增加，失效位移增大，但对 0% 荷电状态（state
of charge, SOC）电池的温升影响微弱。在动态冲击中，失效位移随冲击速度的提高而减小，且在 20 m/s 后急剧下降；裂
纹位置表现出明显的速度依赖性，从低速（＜15 m/s）时的中部，移至 20 m/s 时的底部，并在 30 m/s 以上时转移至冲击
端，该行为主要由应力波的传播与反射叠加控制。可见，钠离子电池失效由结构失稳引发内短路导致，SOC 主导低速
挤压温升，而高速失效行为受应力波支配。所建模型可有效预测宏观力学响应，为电池安全设计提供重要依据。
关键词： 钠离子电池；动态冲击；失效；有限元模拟
中图分类号： O383 国标学科代码： 13035 文献标志码： A

Analysis of failure behavior and safety performance on sodium-ion
batteries under dynamic loads

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ZHAO Chunfeng , WANG Xinhao , YANG Zheng , DONG Gang , TAO Changfa 3
（1. College of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China;
2. Anhui Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures and Materials, Hefei University of Technology,
Hefei 230009, Anhui, China;
3. School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China）

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising candidate for energy storage applications owing to their
material abundance and cost-effectiveness; however, safety issues under mechanical abuse conditions remain insufficiently
understood. This study systematically investigates the failure mechanisms of commercial 18650 sodium-ion batteries subjected
to radial compression by integrating experimental and numerical approaches. Experiments were conducted using an electronic
universal testing machine to characterize the mechanical-electrical-thermal responses at different compression speeds and
states of charge (SOC), with synchronous measurements of load, voltage, and temperature. A homogenized finite element
model was established to simulate the dynamic crushing behavior at impact velocities ranging from 1 m/s to 35 m/s. The failure
mechanisms were interpreted based on stress wave theory, and the failure criteria were calibrated using the experimental
results. The results indicate that under quasi-static loading, the battery exhibits a four-stage deformation process, in which the
peak load coincides with the onset of failure. With increasing compression velocity, both the peak load and the failure
displacement increase, while the temperature rise of batteries at 0% SOC is only weakly affected. In contrast, higher SOC

* 收稿日期： 2025-08-21；修回日期： 2026-01-08
第一作者： 赵春风（1983－ ），男，博士，教授，Zhaowindy@hfut.edu.cn

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